Since sparkling effects are produced by reflections or refraction, they are not primarily dependent on the amount of light applied, but mostly on the luminous intensity of the light source. A very compact light source (e.g. a low-voltage halogen lamp) can create reflections of far greater brilliance than a less compact lamp of greater luminous power.

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Where as the light emitted by diffuse or exposed light sources always has an effect on the entire space, in the case of tightly controlled light, the effect of the light relates directly to the position of the luminaire.

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Stage - The surface on which you place your slide is called the stage. It contains a hole in the center called the stage aperture. Two stage clips or a slide clamp are used to hold the slide in place.

If the brilliance possesses no informative value, then it is found to be disturbing. Disturbing brilliance is referred to as glare. This applies in particular when it arrises as reflected glare.

When applied to the lighting of objects brilliance accentuates their spatial quality and surface structure – similar to modelling – because sparkling effects are mainly evident along edges and around the curves on shiny objects.

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It is possible to use lighting effects at specific illuminance levels on exactly defined areas from practically any location within a space.

Diffuselight vs direct light

Having dealt with light quantity, conside-ration must be given to the quality of light, the difference between diffuse light and directed light being one of the most important aspects. We are familiar with these different forms of light through our everyday experience with daylight – direct sunlight when the sky is clear and diffuse light when the sky is overcast.

But it may also be information regarding the type and quality of a surface, through the geometry and symmetry of the reflections.

Brilliance can be a means of attracting attention to the light source, lending a space an interesting, lively character.

This produces very uniform, softlighting, which illuminates the entire space and makes objects visible, but produces reduced shadows or reflections.

Accentuating form and surface structure using brilliance enhances the quality of the illuminated objects and their surroundings. Sparkling effects are in fact generally used in practice to make objects or spaces more interesting and prestigious. If an environment – a festival hall, a church or a lobby – is to appear especially festive, this can be achieved by using sparkling light sources: candlelight or low-voltage halogen lamps.

Revolving Nosepiece and Objective Lenses - Attached to the revolving nosepiece (which is attached to the bottom of the body tube) are several lenses called objectives. Most light microscopes have objective lenses of 4 magnifications: scanning (short) -- normally 4x power, low power (medium) -- normally 10x power, high-power (long) -- normally 40 - 43x power, and oil immersion (longest) -- normally 100x power.

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Body Tube - The body tube is the part of the microscope that connects the oculars with the revolving nosepiece. Some of the microscopes in lab have a small knob that sticks out from the front of the body tube. This knob can be used to move a pointer that is visible when you look through the microscope.

Only through directed light are we able to gain information about the three-dimensional character of objects. Just as it is impossible for us to retrieve this information when there is no directed light at all, too much shaping can conceal information. This happens when intensely directed light casts such stark shadows that parts of an object are concealed by the darkness.

This can be exploited for dramatic effects through accent lighting. This technique is often applied for the presentation of objects, but is only used in architectural lighting when the concept intends to create a dramatic spatial effect.

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Perception of the three-dimensional character of our environment involves processes that relate to our physiology and perceptual psychology. The shaping of our environment through light and shade is of prime importance for our perception of spatial forms and surface structures.

Daylight, for example, has a more or less fixed ratio of sunlight to sky light (directed light to diffuse light) of 5:1 to 10:1. In interior spaces, on the other hand, we can determine the ratio of directed and diffuse light we require or prefer.

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Focus Knobs - You can focus your microscope by using the coarse and fine adjustment knobs located on the sides of the arm. Note that the coarse adjustment knob is larger than the fine adjustment knob. The coarse adjustment is used for initial focusing and should be used ONLY when the scanning (4X) or low power (10X) objective is in alignment. The fine adjustment makes very slight changes, allowing precision focusing on low or high power.

Diaphragm - The diaphragm is an adjustable light barrier built into the condenser that regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen. It is very important that the diaphragm be correctly adjusted in order to get the best possible image. Use the smallest opening that does not interfere with the field of view. The condenser and diaphragm assembly may be adjusted vertically with a knob projecting to one side. Proper adjustment often yields a greatly improved view of the specimen. This adjustment has been made for you, and you should consult your instructor if you think that it must be readjusted.

One essential objective regarding visual perception must therefore be to provide information about this aspect of our environment. Three-dimensionality comprises a number of individual areas, from the extension of the space around us to the location and orientation of objects within the space, down to their spatial form and surface structure.

The light source itself will be seen as a brilliant point of light. A good example of this is the effect of a candlelight in evening light. Objects that refract this light are perceived as specular, e.g. illuminated glass, polished gems or crystal chandeliers. Brilliance is also produced when light falls on highly glossy surfaces, such as porcelain, glass, paint or varnish, polished metal or wet materials.

Diffusedlightinginterior design

Diffuse lightingexample

Directed light can also be applied with sparkling effect for the presentation of specific objects – making them appear more precious. This applies above all for the presentation of refractive or shiny materials, i.e. glass, ceramics, paint or metal. Brilliance is effective because it attracts our attention with the promise of information content. The information we receive may only be that there is a sparkling light source.

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In this lab exercise, you will learn about the different parts of the brightfield microscope, how to care for the microscope, and the correct procedure for viewing specimens. You will then practice using the microscope to view both a wet mount and a prepared slide of the organism Euglena. Study the location and the function of each of the following parts of a brightfield microscope:

Diffuselight bulb

The task of lighting design is therefore to create a suitable ratio of diffuse light to directed light to meet the requirements of each individual situation. Specific visual tasks, where the spatial quality or the surface structure is of prime importance, require lighting that emphasises shapes and forms. Only in situations where spatial quality and surface structure are of no importance, or if they are disturbing factors, can completely diffuse lighting be used.

The portion of diffuse light decreases when ceiling and walls receive too little light, or when the light falling on a surface is absorbed to a large extent by the low reflectance of the environment.

Another basic feature of the world around us, and one that we take absolutely for granted, is its three-dimensional quality.

A typical ocular lens has a magnification of 10x; what is the total magnification if the high power objective (43x) is in position?

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Direct sunlight either comes from above or from the side, but never from below. The colour of sunlight is clearly warmer than that of diffuse sky light. Consequently, lighting that comprises directed light falling diagonally from above with a lower colour temperature than the diffuse general lighting will be felt to be natural.

In some standards for workplace lighting there is a criterion for the modelling effect of a lighting installation. It is referred to as the modelling factor, which is defined as the ratio of cylindrical illuminance to horizontal illuminance. When planning the application of directed and diffuse light it is advisable to rely on our fundamental experience of daylight with regard to the direction and colour of the light.

It is, of course, possible to apply light from other directions and with other colour temperature combinations, but this will lead to effects that are especially striking or strange.

If we view a sphere under completely diffuse light we cannot perceive its spatial form. It appears to be no more than a circular area. Only when directed light falls on the sphere – i.e. when shadows are created, can we recognise its spatial quality.

Diffuse light is produced by extensive areas that emit light. These may be extensive, flat surfaces, such as the sky in the day-time, or, in the field of artificial lighting, luminous ceilings. In interior spaces diffuse light can also be reflected from illuminated ceilings and walls.

Characteristic qualities are the uniform, almost shadowless light we experience under an overcast sky, in contrast to the dramatic interplay of light and shade in bright sunlight.

Ocular lenses - The oculars are the lenses you look through. Some microscopes are monocular--that is, there is only one eyepiece to look through. Other microscopes are dual-viewing; this means there are two oculars--one pointing upwards and one pointing backwards. These microscopes allow two people to view the same specimen at the same time--each looking through a single eyepiece. Yet other microscopes are binocular--that is, there are two eyepieces side-by-side and you look through both of the eyepieces, as you would a pair of binoculars. Most ocular lenses have a 10X magnification.

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In offices, reflections on clear plastic sleeves, computer monitors or glossy paper are not interpreted as information (brilliance), but as disturbing glare, disturbing as it is felt that the information we require is being concealed behind the reflections.

The same applies to the way we perceive surface structures. These are difficult to recognise under diffuse light. The texture of a surface only stands out when light is directed onto the surface at an angle and produces shadows.

Directed light not only produces shadows and reflections; it opens up new horizons for the lighting designer because of the choice of beam angles and aiming directions that he has at his disposal.

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Directed light is emitted from point light sources. In the case of daylight this is the sun,in artificial lighting compact light sources. The essential properties of directed light are the production of shadows on objects and structured surfaces, and reflections on specular objects. These effects are particularly noticeable when the general lighting consists of only a small portion of diffuse light.

Here lies one of the most progressive aspects of lighting technology. Whereas in the era of the candle and the oil lamp the light was bound to the immediate vicinity of the luminaire, it is now possible to use light in other parts of the space at any distance from where the light source is located.

Substage - The area under the stage, called the substage, contains the diaphragm. In addition, some microscopes also have a condenser located under the stage. Condenser - The condenser contains a series of lenses that focus light onto the specimen. Diaphragm - The diaphragm is an adjustable light barrier built into the condenser that regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen. It is very important that the diaphragm be correctly adjusted in order to get the best possible image. Use the smallest opening that does not interfere with the field of view. The condenser and diaphragm assembly may be adjusted vertically with a knob projecting to one side. Proper adjustment often yields a greatly improved view of the specimen. This adjustment has been made for you, and you should consult your instructor if you think that it must be readjusted.

What are the parts of the brightfield microscope? Cytology is the study of cell structure and function. Because most cells are very small, they can only be seen when magnified with an instrument such as a microscope. Microscopes not only provide important information about cell structure, they also provide clues about how the cell works. There are 2 basic types of microscopes: the light microscope (creates an image using a beam of light), and the electron microscope (creates an image using a beam of electrons.) The most common type of light microscope, and the one you will use in this lab, is the brightfield microscope. The brightfield microscope is an example of a compound microscope. That means light from the object you are viewing passes through two lenses before it reaches your eye. Microscopes not only magnify the object you are viewing, they also provide increased resolution. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two points as separate points. For instance, if two points are very close together, they may appear to be a single spot. If you increase magnification without increasing resolution, the single spot will only look like a larger single spot, and will never resolve into two separate spots. The better the resolution, the sharper and crisper the image. The resolving power of the naked eye is approximately 0.1 mm, meaning that our eyes can distinguish two points that are 0.1 mm apart. A light microscope can improve resolution by as much as 1000-fold. In addition, discernment of cellular detail can be improved with the use of dyes that add color and contrast to subcellular structures.