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The second version, with blue-green filters over the projectors, was trialled on board the corvette HMCS Chambly in May 1941. This gave better results as the filters removed the reddish bias to the lamps when at low intensity (lower colour temperature). The supports too were retractable, so the delicate projectors could be stowed away for protection when not in use. This second version reduced Chambly's visibility by 50% in most conditions, and sometimes by as much as 75%. This was enough to justify development of a more robust version.[1]

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Diffused lightingexamples

The best case was on the exceptionally clear moonless night of 29/30 January 1942, when Largs could be seen from a surface ship with the naked eye at 5,250 yards (4,800 m) unlighted, but only 2,250 yards (2,060 m) with her diffused lighting, a 57% reduction.[13] By June 1942, Royal Navy commanders considered that camouflage was largely unnecessary, given that the enemy would be using RDF and submarine hydrophones.[14] In April 1943, the Admiralty decided that diffused lighting was impractical, and development was halted,[15] though discussions continued with the Canadian Navy.[1]

The US Navy trialled an automatic system made by General Electric[a] of New York on the supply ship USS Hamul, but halted research in 1942. The US Navy sent its control system and diffused lighting fittings to Canada's NRC, which installed it on the corvettes HMCS Edmundston and HMCS Rimouski in 1943 and carried out further prototyping.[1][16]

In September 1943, Rimouski, using her diffused lighting system, but also some navigation lights, approached German submarine U-536 in the Baie des Chaleurs. The intention was to make Rimouski appear as "a small and inoffensive ship" in an operation to trap the submarine, and this appears to have worked as the U-boat did not detect her. However the attack failed, as a wrong signal sent from shore alerted the submarine's commander, Kapitänleutnant Rolf Schauenburg; U-536 dived and escaped.[1]

While glass was used traditionally, in recent times, polycarbonate sheets are used as diffusers. They are very strong as material, extremely heat resistant, and can diffuse light very well. Therefore, due to the material’s properties and flexibility polycarbonates are used more these days as a diffusion material.

Burr was quickly called to Canada's Naval Services Headquarters to discuss how to apply diffused lighting camouflage. Simple tests in the laboratory served as proof of concept. In January 1941, sea trials began on the new corvette HMCS Cobalt. She was fitted with ordinary light projectors—neither designed for robustness, nor waterproofed—on temporary supports on one side of the hull; brightness was controlled manually. The trial was sufficiently promising for a better prototype to be developed.[1][7]

Polycarbonate has a heat distortion temperature of 129°C whereas PMMA or acrylic is 93%. Besides, polycarbonate plastic’s UV solar radiation has high sensitivity and you need to have UV absorbers to solve the problem.

Polycarbonate Diffusers come in UV-stabilized versions that are designed for outdoor use. Furthermore, due to the relative strength of polycarbonate, components can be down-gauged to save weight, energy, and money.

Both Edmundston and Rimouski were fitted with about 60 light projectors: those on the hull were on retractable supports; those on the superstructure were on fixed supports. Each ship's diffused lighting system was tested systematically in St Margaret's Bay, and then trialled when actually escorting Atlantic convoys in 1943. Experimentally, the diffused lighting reduced the ships' visibility by up to 70%, but at sea the electrical equipment proved too delicate, and frequently malfunctioned. Worse, the system was slow to respond to changes in background lighting, and the Canadian Navy considered the lighting too green.[1]

Diffusedlight photography examples

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Acrylic and polycarbonate, as opposed to standard glass, provide a number of advantages that standard glass does not. Increased light filtration, impact resistance, increased strength, and enhanced weight and viscosity flow characteristics are just a few of the benefits. However, there are a few main differences between acrylic and polycarbonate plastics.

Diffused lighting camouflage was explored by the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and tested at sea on corvettes during World War II, and later in the armed forces of the UK and the US.[1]

Polycarbonate resins have excellent light uniformity across the entire surface of the product. As it has contained a light diffusion additive, it can hide the bright LED light source and remove hot spots.

An equivalent strategy, known to zoologists as counter-illumination, is used by many marine organisms, notably cephalopods including the midwater squid, Abralia veranyi. The underside is covered with small photophores, organs that produce light. The squid varies the intensity of the light according to the brightness of the sea surface far above, providing effective camouflage by lighting out the animal's shadow.[2]

Polycarbonate light diffuser sheet is commonly used to cover LED lights, DIY lights, office lamps, kitchen lamps, and fluorescent lights. This is essentially thermoplastic that is designed for use in reflectors, lensors, and diffusers. Polycarbonate can be molded into sheets or thin films that can be easily portable.

The British General Electric Company developed a manually operated diffused lighting system, which was trialled on the ocean boarding vessel HMS Largs and the light cruiser HMS Penelope.[1] The Largs surface observation trials were conducted between 25 January and 6 February 1942; air observation trials, using Hudson bombers, took place on the nights of 4/5 February and 25/26 March 1942. They found an average reduction in the range at which the ship could be seen at night from another ship of around 25% using binoculars, 33% using the naked eye. The results from the air were less conclusive.[12]

Polycarbonate resins are more thermally stable than other resins and can tolerate continuous temperatures of up to 120°C. This excellent thermal property has made it more popular and reliable in the crowd.

The third version featured a photocell to measure the brightness of the night sky and the ship's side; the projectors' brightness was automatically controlled to balance out the difference. It was tested in September 1941 on the corvette HMCS Kamloops.[1]

Hard light, or direct light, creates high-contrast scenes with harsh shadows and sharp, bright highlights. For instance, direct sunlight on a cloudless afternoon is hard light. While the rays of hard light are direct, soft light has scattered rays. Either can be used as a directional light (light that hits a subject at an angle other than 90 or 270 degrees), but when a soft light source hits a subject from a lower angle it leads to lower-contrast images.

One of the best advantages of a polycarbonate diffuser is its design flexibility. Since it has a wide range of goods to satisfy a variety of manufacturing requirements. Besides, during processing, it is very light and thin to treat.

In a simple language, light diffusion is nothing but making the light spread to a larger area in a more even way rather than just focusing on a specific area. Historically, glass is used as a light diffuser to spread the light from the heated filament behind.

What isdiffusedlight for plants

An American version, "Yehudi", using lamps mounted in the aircraft's nose and the leading edges of the wings, was trialled in B-24 Liberators, Avenger torpedo bombers and a Navy glide bomb from 1943 to 1945. By directing the light forwards towards an observer (rather than towards the aircraft's skin), the system provided effective counter-illumination camouflage with an affordable use of energy, more like that of marine animals than the Canadian diffused lighting approach.[1][17] But the system never entered active service, as radar became the principal means of detecting aircraft.[1]

Because submarines at the surface could see the dark shape of an attacking aircraft against the night sky, the principle of diffused lighting camouflage also applied to aircraft. However, British researchers found that the amount of electrical power required to camouflage an aircraft's underside in daylight was prohibitive, while externally mounted light projectors disturbed the aircraft's aerodynamics.[1]

Because of its high strength and elastic coefficient, it is nearly unbreakable, ranking higher than glass. It can endure high temperatures. The polycarbonate diffuser is exceptionally tough. Due to its impressive toughness, it has a longer lifespan (over 10 years).

Diffused lightingfixtures

When using polycarbonate, it is possible to down-gauge or reduce the thickness of a manufactured component in various applications. As a result, materials cost and energy amount are reduced.

The concept behind diffused lighting camouflage was to project light on to the sides of a ship, to make its brightness match its background. Projectors were mounted on temporary supports attached to the hull and the prototype was developed to include automatic control of brightness using a photocell. The concept was never put into production, though the Canadian prototypes did briefly see service. The Canadian ideas were adapted by the US Air Force in its Yehudi lights project.

Parallel trials of the Canadian diffused lighting equipment were carried out in March 1941 by the Royal Navy on the corvette HMS Trillium in the Clyde approaches.[1] The Admiralty report on the Trillium trials stated that "Under certain weather conditions, the Canadian trials, in spite of the crude equipment used, gave highly satisfactory results. The experience gained during the present trials indicated that in various other types of weather this same equipment gave a much less conclusive indication of its value", and described the technical difficulties that any future version would face.[8] The Admiralty informed the prime minister, Winston Churchill, at the end of that month, stating that the "results seem quite promising".[9] Churchill replied the next day, suggesting that "Surely all this business should be pressed forward on a broader front than the one ship?"[10] Accordingly, in April 1941 the Admiralty ordered further development work for "full scale trials".[11]

Diffused lighting camouflage was a form of active camouflage using counter-illumination to enable a ship to match its background, the night sky, that was tested by the Royal Canadian Navy on corvettes during World War II. The principle was discovered by a Canadian professor, Edmund Godfrey Burr, in 1940. It attracted interest because it could help to hide ships from submarines in the Battle of the Atlantic, and the research project began early in 1941. The Royal Navy and the US Navy carried out further equipment development and trials between 1941 and 1943.

The filament is a thin wire made of tungsten that’s heated by an electric current. When it gets hot, the metal glows and emits light that’s similar to a continuous spectrum. Most of the energy emitted is in the near-infrared wavelengths, but a significant amount is visible light.

Diffusedlight Ceiling

Burr wondered if he could camouflage planes by somehow reducing this difference in brightness. One night in December 1940, Burr saw a plane coming in to land over snow suddenly vanish: light reflected from the snow had illuminated the underside of the plane just enough to cancel out the difference in brightness, camouflaging the plane perfectly.[1]

Because of its exceptional optical properties, Polycarbonate may be compounded to meet particular requirements for a given application. Like transparent polycarbonate resins can achieve light transmission rates of more than 90%.

Overall, polycarbonate diffusers provide soft and diffused light. Most significantly, polycarbonate is a popular material in the LED lighting industry because it is also produced using injection-molding techniques at large economies of scale to make the price very affordable.

In 1940, Edmund Godfrey Burr, a Canadian professor at McGill University,[3] serendipitously stumbled on the principle of counter-illumination, or as he called it "diffused-lighting camouflage".[4][5][6] Burr had been tasked by Canada's National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate night observation instruments. With these, he found that aircraft flying without navigation lights remained readily visible as silhouettes against the night sky, which was never completely black.[1]

Diffused lightingliving room

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Acrylic plastic is one of the most flammable polymers and polycarbonates are inherently fire resistant. Acrylic plastic is a good choice if optical properties are important and a high illuminance level (lux units) is needed. Polycarbonate, on the other hand, would be the only option if the application needs fire resistance because of the high risk of fire.

Diffused lightingphotography

The filament’s temperature is very high, generally over 2,000º C, or 3,600º F. In a “standard” 60-, 75-, or 100-Watt bulb, the filament temperature is roughly 2,550º C, or roughly 4,600º F. At high temperatures like this, the thermal radiation from the filament includes a significant amount of visible light.

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Diffused lightinginterior design

Burr informed the NRC, who told the RCN. They realized that the technique could help to hide ships from German submarines in the Battle of the Atlantic. Before the introduction of centimetre radar, submarines with their small profile could see convoy ships before they were themselves seen. Diffused lighting camouflage might, the RCN believed, redress the balance.[1]

Polycarbonate diffusers have outstanding versatility. It’s possible to make complex shapes with it, such as curved light diffusers. Moreover, it can also be sliced, drilled, bent, and carved without breaking.

Following the Allied victory in the Battle of the Atlantic – through long-range aircraft, radar, code decryption, and better escort tactics – the need to camouflage ships from submarines greatly decreased, and diffused lighting research became a low priority. The work was halted when the war ended.[1]

In simple terms, diffusion is required to illuminate a large area such as a room. Also, the light from the filament can be very harsh to the human eye and can be very distracting. Therefore, we use techniques of light diffusion to produce a calmer and softer glow that can spread over a larger area. An even distribution of light is achieved using this technique. A light diffuser provides relief and gives a cozier feeling in the house.