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In 1991, Kodak created the first-ever digital SLR. The Kodak Digital Camera System (DCS) was a modified Nikon F3 whose film chamber and winder were modified to make room for digital sensors. The camera had a built-in 1.3-megapixel Kodak CCD to capture images.

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At the base ISO setting, the signal is amplified to a certain level. Increasing the ISO setting further amplifies the signal, essentially “boosting” its strength and making the image brighter.

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There are creative options where you would choose slower shutter speeds, such as intentional motion blur (ICM), which can convey a sense of movement or add a dreamy, ethereal quality to the image.

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My intent with this series is to educate you about what we are overlooking and offer solutions that you can use to improve your photography immediately.

While all this development was occurring, engineers, likely with some input from marketing people, realized that to get photographers to adopt this new revolutionary technology, they would need to make the transition as smooth and straightforward as possible.

In 1975, Steven Sasson, an engineer at Kodak, developed a portable, battery-operated, self-contained digital camera. It weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg) and used a Fairchild CCD image sensor having only 100 × 100 pixels (0.01 megapixels). The black and white images were digitally recorded onto a cassette tape, a process that took 23 seconds per image.

We are more than two decades into the digital era and already in the second generation of digital cameras (mirrorless), and the way we talk about exposure is still the same way we talked about it in the last century when everyone shot film.

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Different sensor types vary in their inherent sensitivity and noise characteristics. Full-frame sensors tend to be better at low light performance than smaller sensors, allowing them to offer higher usable ISO ranges. This happens because full-frame sensors have more real estate to use bigger photodiodes.

Smaller apertures with their extreme depth of field help ensure that everything in the scene stays in focus. Wider apertures can be used creatively to draw attention to your subject. Depending on your subject matter, both options dramatically impact the feeling or mood of the photo.

The last sentence may have caught you a little off-guard. Let’s review a few basics, and then I will explain in detail why ISO is not an exposure setting in a digital camera.

The camera’s processor then converts the amplified signal from analog to digital (A/D). The digital data is further processed by the camera’s firmware, correcting for color variations, white balance, and other factors.

Shutter speed is also useful when hand-holding a camera to ensure that you will not introduce camera motion because of shaky hands due to heavy gear. This type of motion blur is often confused for an image that is soft (slightly out of focus – but not intentionally)

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If we find an easier way to discuss it, we will make it easier for more people to understand. Let’s set the record straight.

I realize it is hard to imagine photographers complaining or whining about anything (Think AI, Competition, Customers in general… Wait, that is a whole different article).

Every roll of film has a set ISO or sensitivity based on its chemical makeup and the chemical reactions that occur when the film is developed.

Photographers who adopted digital cameras in the early 2000s probably still suffer from a form of digital noise PTSD because raising your ISO two to three stops above the base would render an image almost unusable.

Together, these two components form the core light-collecting and signal-generating unit of each pixel in a digital camera sensor. They work in tandem to convert light into an electrical signal.

Please read on to Part III to learn a new photography term you didn’t know you needed. In Part IV, I will share a quote that will forever change how you approach setting your exposure.

To understand this, we need to know that the sensors in our digital cameras are analog. (You read that correctly – analog, not digital)

Aperture refers to the size of the opening within the lens through which light passes to reach the sensor. A wider aperture (lower f-number) allows more light, making it ideal for low-light situations. Conversely, a smaller aperture (higher f-number) lets in less light, which is useful for bright scenes or achieving more depth of field.

Many argue that ISO has never been a part of exposure, even for film. I definitely believe that ISO is not and never has been an “exposure setting,” but it certainly impacts your other exposure settings.

This amplification increases the perceived sensitivity to light, allowing you to capture images in lower lighting conditions.

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Digital camera sensors do not record light the same way that film does. Everyone acknowledges that; however, as an industry, we can’t get everyone on the same page about how to talk about how digital camera sensors work and how exposure is managed with them.

As a holdover from the film days, we have been told that raising your camera’s ISO increases the camera’s sensitivity to light. Nothing could be further from the truth.

Fast forward to 2023, and the camera sensors, firmware, and software are much better at interpreting the higher ISO sensitivities. We also have incredibly effective noise reduction software, which is being improved dramatically by AI.

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Shutter Speed is the camera setting that controls how long light is exposed to the sensor. Longer shutter speeds (seconds or even minutes) let in more light, useful for low-light situations like night photography. Conversely, shorter speeds (fractions of a second) let in less light, which is ideal for freezing fast-moving subjects or capturing bright scenes without overexposure.

Fast forward to our digital cameras, and while we still have an ISO setting, the fact is that ISO is applied after the exposure has been made.

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It is time to catch up to make the most effective use of the gear we spend thousands and thousands of dollars on. It is time to take advantage of the fact that our cameras can do much more for us than film cameras.

Yes, you have to “set” the ISO on your film camera, but that is just to inform the camera’s light meter what speed film you have loaded. It is not a setting that you choose on a frame-by-frame basis.

While some amplification happens at the hardware level, most modern cameras also apply software-based “gain” adjustments after capturing the raw data. This helps mitigate noise but also introduces its own subtle processing artifacts.

It is time to realize that there are more accessible and better ways to teach this technology, beginning with the updated definition of ISO I just shared with you.

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That equation is how exposure has been considered since the beginning of photography in the early 1800s. But that equation has been inaccurate for digital photographers for over 20 years.

Much like politics, we may never get people to agree on one definition. Still, regardless of which side of the photography aisle you are on – there is only one truth because the truth is based on physics, electronics, and engineering.

The work done by the camera’s processor and firmware interprets what we historically knew as ISO or sensitivity. Please note the word “interprets”. The ISO or sensitivity is not changed; it is interpreted.

Higher ISO settings amplify the signal more, making the sensor appear more sensitive to light. This allows you to capture images in darker environments without needing longer exposure times or wider apertures.

Ironically, even in 2024, Nikon’s website on one page refers to ISO as signal gain, and on another, states, “increase in ISO will make the camera’s sensor more sensitive to the lack of light.” Yes, even their marketing and education people don’t have a solid handle on it.

I hope you found this information useful. Now go pick up that camera and shoot something! Because – “Your BEST shot is your NEXT shot!” — Joe Edelman

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Unfortunately, amplifying the signal also amplifies existing noise within the sensor itself. This manifests as unwanted grain or speckles in your images, particularly at high ISO settings.

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Depth of field is the range of focus in your image. The distance in front of your focal point to the distance beyond your focal point that appears to be in focus.

The simple solution for Kodak and Nikon was to keep the same settings that photographers were comfortable with. For other manufacturers, it was a matter of why rock the boat; it just made sense to follow along.

This article is the second of a four-part series on exposure and the fact that our industry has yet to keep up with technological changes regarding how we think about, talk about, and teach exposure.

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ISO, even though it is a gain setting, was still referred to as adjusting the sensitivity of the camera’s sensor, and the big lie began.

Each pixel on a digital camera sensor is like a tiny solar cell, converting light into an electrical signal proportional to the light intensity.