Herror T_photometric_stereo(const Hobject Images, Hobject* HeightField, Hobject* Gradient, Hobject* Albedo, const Htuple Slants, const Htuple Tilts, const Htuple ResultType, const Htuple ReconstructionMethod, const Htuple GenParamName, const Htuple GenParamValue)

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The operator can return the images for the reconstructed GradientGradientGradientGradientGradientgradient, AlbedoAlbedoAlbedoAlbedoAlbedoalbedo, and the HeightFieldHeightFieldHeightFieldHeightFieldHeightFieldheightField of the surface:

The AlbedoAlbedoAlbedoAlbedoAlbedoalbedo image describes the ratio of reflected radiation to incident radiation and has a value between one (white surface) and zero (black surface). Thus, the albedo is a characteristic of the surface. For example, for a printed surface it corresponds to the print image exclusive of any influences of the incident light (shading).

Photometric stereodataset

HImage HImage::PhotometricStereo(HImage* Gradient, HImage* Albedo, const HTuple& Slants, const HTuple& Tilts, const HTuple& ResultType, const HString& ReconstructionMethod, const HTuple& GenParamName, const HTuple& GenParamValue) const

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The three-dimensional shape of the object is primarily computed as the local gradients of the three-dimensional surface. Those gradients can be further integrated to obtain a height field, i.e., an image in which the pixel values correspond to a relative height. The two-dimensional texture is called albedo and corresponds to the local light absorption and reflection characteristics of the surface exclusive of any shading effect.

For each image, the directions of illumination must be specified as angles within the parameters SlantsSlantsSlantsSlantsSlantsslants and TiltsTiltsTiltsTiltsTiltstilts, which describe the direction of the illumination in relation to the scene. To understand the meaning of the parameters SlantsSlantsSlantsSlantsSlantsslants and TiltsTiltsTiltsTiltsTiltstilts, remember that the illumination source is assumed to produce parallel light rays, the camera has a telecentric lens, and the camera is placed orthogonal to the scene to reconstruct:

The HeightFieldHeightFieldHeightFieldHeightFieldHeightFieldheightField image is an image in which the pixel values correspond to a relative height.

Typical range of values: 0.0 ≤ Slants Slants Slants Slants Slants slants ≤ 180.0 (lin)

IHImageX* HImageX.PhotometricStereo([out] IHImageX** Gradient, [out] IHImageX** Albedo, [in] VARIANT Slants, [in] VARIANT Tilts, [in] VARIANT ResultType, [in] BSTR ReconstructionMethod, [in] VARIANT GenParamName, [in] VARIANT GenParamValue)

Photometric stereopython

By default, all of these iconic objects are returned, i.e., the parameter ResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTyperesultType is set to 'all'"all""all""all""all""all". In case that only some of these results are needed, the parameter ResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTyperesultType can be set to a tuple specifying only the required results among the values 'gradient'"gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient", 'albedo'"albedo""albedo""albedo""albedo""albedo", and 'height_field'"height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field". Note that in certain applications like surface inspection tasks only the GradientGradientGradientGradientGradientgradient or AlbedoAlbedoAlbedoAlbedoAlbedoalbedo images are required. Here, one can significantly increase the processing speed by not reconstructing the surface, i.e., by passing only 'gradient'"gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient" and 'albedo'"albedo""albedo""albedo""albedo""albedo" but not 'height_field'"height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field" to ResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTyperesultType.

Photometric Stereocamera

Herror photometric_stereo(Hobject Images, Hobject* HeightField, Hobject* Gradient, Hobject* Albedo, const HTuple& Slants, const HTuple& Tilts, const HTuple& ResultType, const HTuple& ReconstructionMethod, const HTuple& GenParamName, const HTuple& GenParamValue)

Note that photometric_stereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo assumes square pixels. Additionally, it assumes that the heights are computed on a lattice with step width 1 in object space. If this is not the case, i.e., if the pixel size of the camera projected into the object space differs from 1, the returned height values must be multiplied by the actual step width (value of the pixel size projected into the object space). The size of the pixel in object space is computed by dividing the size of the pixel in the camera by the magnification of the (telecentric) lens.

photometric_stereoT_photometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo — Reconstruct a surface according to the photometric stereo technique.

List of values: 'fft_cyclic'"fft_cyclic""fft_cyclic""fft_cyclic""fft_cyclic""fft_cyclic", 'poisson'"poisson""poisson""poisson""poisson""poisson", 'rft_cyclic'"rft_cyclic""rft_cyclic""rft_cyclic""rft_cyclic""rft_cyclic"

Photometric stereoimplementation

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List of values: [], 'albedo'"albedo""albedo""albedo""albedo""albedo", 'all'"all""all""all""all""all", 'gradient'"gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient", 'height_field'"height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field", 'normalized_gradient'"normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient"

The SlantsSlantsSlantsSlantsSlantsslants angle is the angle between the optical axis of the camera and the direction of the illumination. image/svg+xml Slant Side view

void PhotometricStereo(const HObject& Images, HObject* HeightField, HObject* Gradient, HObject* Albedo, const HTuple& Slants, const HTuple& Tilts, const HTuple& ResultType, const HTuple& ReconstructionMethod, const HTuple& GenParamName, const HTuple& GenParamValue)

photometric_stereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo can be used to separate the three-dimensional shape of an object from its two-dimensional texture, e.g., its print image. The operator requires at least three images of the same object taken with different and known directions of illumination. Note, that the point of view of the camera must be the same for all images.

void HOperatorSetX.PhotometricStereo([in] IHUntypedObjectX* Images, [out] IHUntypedObjectX** HeightField, [out] IHUntypedObjectX** Gradient, [out] IHUntypedObjectX** Albedo, [in] VARIANT Slants, [in] VARIANT Tilts, [in] VARIANT ResultType, [in] VARIANT ReconstructionMethod, [in] VARIANT GenParamName, [in] VARIANT GenParamValue)

Typical range of values: 0.0 ≤ Tilts Tilts Tilts Tilts Tilts tilts ≤ 360.0 (lin)

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As stated before, photometric stereo requires at least three images with different directions of illumination. However, the three-dimensional geometry of objects typically leads to shadow casting. In the shadow regions, the number of effectively available directions of illumination is reduced, which leads to ambiguities. To nevertheless get a robust result, redundancy is needed. Therefore, typically more than three light sources with different directions should be used. But note that an increasing number of illumination directions also leads to a higher number of images to be processed and therefore to a higher processing time. In most applications, a number of four to six light sources is reasonable. As a rule of thumb, the slant angles should be chosen between 30° and 60°. The tilt angles typically should be equally distributed around the object to be measured. Please note that the directions of illumination must be selected such that they do not lie in the same plane (i.e., the illumination directions must be independent), otherwise the computing fails and an exception is thrown.

The GradientGradientGradientGradientGradientgradient image is a vector field that contains the partial derivative of the surface. Note that GradientGradientGradientGradientGradientgradient can be used as input to reconstruct_height_field_from_gradientreconstruct_height_field_from_gradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradientreconstruct_height_field_from_gradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradient. For visualization purposes, instead of the surface gradients normalized surface gradients can be returned. Then, ResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTyperesultType must be set to 'normalized_gradient'"normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient" instead of 'gradient'"gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient". Here, the row and column components represent the row and column components of the normalized surface gradient. If ResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTyperesultType is set to 'all'"all""all""all""all""all", the default mode, i.e., 'gradient'"gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient""gradient" and not 'normalized_gradient'"normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient""normalized_gradient" is used.

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HImage HImage::PhotometricStereo(HImage* Gradient, HImage* Albedo, const HTuple& Slants, const HTuple& Tilts, const HTuple& ResultType, const HTuple& ReconstructionMethod, const HTuple& GenParamName, const HTuple& GenParamValue) const

Photometric stereopdf

If the parameters are valid, photometric_stereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo returns the value 2 (H_MSG_TRUE). If necessary, an exception is raised.

photometric_stereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo is based on the algorithm of Woodham and therefore assumes on the one hand that the camera performs an orthoscopic projection. That is, you must use a telecentric lens or a lens with a long focal distance. On the other hand, it assumes that each of the light sources delivers a parallel and uniform beam of light. That is, you must use telecentric illumination sources with uniform intensity or, as an alternative, distant point light sources. Additionally, the object must have lambertian reflectance characteristics, i.e., it must reflect incoming light in a diffuse way. Objects or regions of an object that have specular reflectance characteristics (i.e., mirroring or glossy surfaces) cannot be processed correctly and thus lead to erroneous results.

Typical applications of photometric stereo are to detect small inconsistencies in a surface that represent, e.g., defects, or to exclude the influence of the direction of light from images that are used, e.g., for the print inspection of non flat characters. Note that photometric stereo is not suitable for the reconstruction of absolute heights, i.e., it is no alternative to typical 3D reconstruction algorithms like depth from focus or sheet of light.

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Photometric stereoalbedo

Note that internally photometric_stereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo first determines the gradient values and, if required, integrates these values in order to obtain the height field. This integration is performed by the same algorithms that are provided by the operator reconstruct_height_field_from_gradientreconstruct_height_field_from_gradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradientreconstruct_height_field_from_gradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradient and that can be controlled by the parameters ReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodreconstructionMethod, GenParamNameGenParamNameGenParamNameGenParamNameGenParamNamegenParamName, and GenParamValueGenParamValueGenParamValueGenParamValueGenParamValuegenParamValue. Please, refer to the operator reconstruct_height_field_from_gradientreconstruct_height_field_from_gradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradientreconstruct_height_field_from_gradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradientReconstructHeightFieldFromGradient for more information on these parameters. If ResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTypeResultTyperesultType is set such that 'height_field'"height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field""height_field" is not one of the results, the parameters ReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodReconstructionMethodreconstructionMethod, GenParamNameGenParamNameGenParamNameGenParamNameGenParamNamegenParamName, and GenParamValueGenParamValueGenParamValueGenParamValueGenParamValuegenParamValue are ignored.

photometric_stereo(Images : HeightField, Gradient, Albedo : Slants, Tilts, ResultType, ReconstructionMethod, GenParamName, GenParamValue : )

If the input images share the same reduced domain of definition, only the pixels within the domain are processed. This mode can be used to exclude areas of the object from all images. Typically, areas are excluded that are known to show non-lambertian reflectance characteristics or that are of no interest, e.g., holes in the surface.

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HImage HImage.PhotometricStereo(out HImage gradient, out HImage albedo, HTuple slants, HTuple tilts, HTuple resultType, string reconstructionMethod, HTuple genParamName, HTuple genParamValue)

List of values: 'caching'"caching""caching""caching""caching""caching", 'optimize_speed'"optimize_speed""optimize_speed""optimize_speed""optimize_speed""optimize_speed"

List of values: 'exhaustive'"exhaustive""exhaustive""exhaustive""exhaustive""exhaustive", 'free_cache'"free_cache""free_cache""free_cache""free_cache""free_cache", 'no_cache'"no_cache""no_cache""no_cache""no_cache""no_cache", 'patient'"patient""patient""patient""patient""patient", 'standard'"standard""standard""standard""standard""standard", 'use_cache'"use_cache""use_cache""use_cache""use_cache""use_cache"

Photometric stereosoftware

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photometric_stereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereophotometric_stereoPhotometricStereoPhotometricStereo relies on the evaluation of the "photometric information", i.e., the gray values stored in the images. Therefore, this information should be unbiased and accurate. We recommend to ensure that the camera that is used to acquire the images has a linear characteristic. You can use the operator radiometric_self_calibrationradiometric_self_calibrationRadiometricSelfCalibrationradiometric_self_calibrationRadiometricSelfCalibrationRadiometricSelfCalibration to determine the characteristic of your camera and the operator lut_translut_transLutTranslut_transLutTransLutTrans to correct the gray value information in case of a non linear characteristic. Additionally, if accurate measurements are required, we recommend to utilize the full dynamic range of the camera since this leads to more accurate gray value information. For the same reason, using images with a bit depth higher than 8 (e.g., uint2 images instead of byte images) leads to a better accuracy.

Photometric stereogithub

If images with distinct domains of definition are provided, only the gray values that are contained in the domains are used in the respective images. Then, only those pixels are processed that have independent slant and tilt angles in at least three images. This mode is suitable, e.g., to exclude specific regions of individual images from the processing. These can be, e.g., areas of the object for which is known that they show non-lambertian reflectance characteristics or regions for which is known that they contain biased photometric information, e.g., shadows. To exclude such regions leads to more accurate results. Please note that this last mode requires significantly more processing time than the modes that use the full domain or the same domain for all images.

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The TiltsTiltsTiltsTiltsTiltstilts angle is measured within the object plane or any plane that is parallel to it, e.g., the image plane. In particular, it describes the angle between the direction that points from the center of the image to the right and the direction of light that is projected into the plane. That is, when looking at the image (or the corresponding scene), a tilt angle of 0 means that the light comes from the right, a tilt angle of 90 means that the light is coming from the top, a tilt angle of 180 means that the light is coming from the left, etc. image/svg+xml 0° 90° 180° 270° Tilt Top view

HImage HImageArray::PhotometricStereo(HImage* Gradient, HImage* Albedo, const HTuple& Slants, const HTuple& Tilts, const HTuple& ResultType, const HTuple& ReconstructionMethod, const HTuple& GenParamName, const HTuple& GenParamValue) const

HImage HImage::PhotometricStereo(HImage* Gradient, HImage* Albedo, const HTuple& Slants, const HTuple& Tilts, const HTuple& ResultType, const char* ReconstructionMethod, const HTuple& GenParamName, const HTuple& GenParamValue) const

The domain of definition of the input images determines which algorithm is used internally to process the ImagesImagesImagesImagesImagesimages. Three algorithms are available:

The camera with a telecentric lens must be placed orthogonally, i.e., perpendicular, to the scene that should be reconstructed. The orientation of the camera with respect to the scene must not change during the acquisition of the images. In contrast, the orientation of the illumination with respect to the camera must change for at least three gray value images.

The input images must be provided in an image array (ImagesImagesImagesImagesImagesimages). Each image must have been taken with a different direction of illumination as stated above. If the images are primarily stored in a multi-channel image, they can be easily converted to an image array using image_to_channelsimage_to_channelsImageToChannelsimage_to_channelsImageToChannelsImageToChannels. As an alternative, the image array can be created using concat_objconcat_objConcatObjconcat_objConcatObjConcatObj.

static void HOperatorSet.PhotometricStereo(HObject images, out HObject heightField, out HObject gradient, out HObject albedo, HTuple slants, HTuple tilts, HTuple resultType, HTuple reconstructionMethod, HTuple genParamName, HTuple genParamValue)