The next development was to add a thermal heat slug directly into the bottom of the surface mount package. Being located directly under the LED junction, this allowed heat to be removed far more effectively.

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Although high power LEDs and high brightness LEDs, HBLEDs may normally be one and the same, the two definitions refer to different characteristics or parameters.

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EOS R System and Canon Cinema EOS cameras and RF lenses offer a wealth of practical functions that enable you to make the most of your lighting scheme in the studio or on location. A camera with a wide dynamic range, such as the EOS R6 Mark II, EOS R8 or even the EOS C70, which also adds built-in ND filters, will provide more control of the exposure of your footage. A fast lens is ideal for working in low light, as is a camera which has low noise at high ISOs, such as the EOS R3, EOS R6 Mark II, EOS C300 Mark III or EOS C500 Mark II. The Canon EOS R5 C combines the best of Cinema EOS with all the advantages of the EOS R System, including 8K cinematic full-frame video, while other EOS R System cameras such as the EOS R6 Mark II and EOS R7 are formidable hybrid cameras that offer access to Canon RF lenses as well as In-Body Image Stabilisation (IBIS). Recent EOS R System cameras also feature a multi-function shoe which provides power to compatible accessories. The OC-E4A off camera shoe cord, which is compatible with the Canon EOS R5 C, EOS R3, EOS R6 Mark II, EOS R7, EOS R8, EOS R10 and EOS R50, can provide power from the shoe to off-camera accessories such as flashes, enabling more creative lighting design. The cable is also compatible with older flashes via the Multi-Function Shoe Adapter AD-E1, as well as with the Canon RF 5.2mm F2.8L Dual Fisheye lens. Capturing footage in Canon Log, which is available on most EOS R System and cinema EOS cameras, captures a wide dynamic range and is easily matched with other Log footage during a colour grade. If you want to take it a step further, shooting in Cinema RAW Light provides maximum flexibility in post-production to refine exposure, contrast and colours. Of course, just as motivated lighting and practical lighting go hand-in-hand, many of the other lighting techniques we've covered above can be combined. By blending natural light with artificial light, adding practicals and motivational lighting, and experimenting with lighting accessories, you can build layered lighting schemes that give your videos a truly cinematic feel.

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Backlighting versus side lighting for video Backlighting is the final light in a traditional three-point lighting setup. Aimed at the back of the subject from a slightly raised position, it provides a halo that helps to separate the subject from the background. You can leave the backlight bare to provide a hotter rim light or diffuse it to soften and spread it over a wider area. Backlighting can also be used as a video lighting technique on its own to create a silhouette. Like backlighting, side lighting adds dimension, provides separation and creates drama. Positioned parallel to the subject, side lighting can be used to achieve the chiaroscuro 'light-dark' painting effect. Soft light versus hard light for video The main difference between soft light and hard light is size. The larger the light source and the closer it is to a subject, the softer the light becomes. Hard light is generated by a point light source, such as the Sun or a bare bulb. Soft lighting creates softer shadows and more flattering skin tones. Hard lighting increases contrast with bright highlights and sharp shadows, so is best reserved for moments where you want to emphasise texture, create a silhouette or ramp up tension. Lights can be softened in inexpensive ways, such as using silks or diffusion gels, or by simply bouncing the light. Some lights generate high levels of heat, which you should consider when choosing the type of diffusion. Bounce lighting for video Bouncing the light off a large surface rather than aiming it directly at the subject or scene spreads the light over a wider area, softening it at the same time.

With many LEDs being introduced onto the market, and available light levels increasing, it is useful to be able to define a high brightness HBLED and a high power LED as these terms refer to slightly different aspects of operation.

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"We were commissioned to shoot a music video with a dark and moody feel," Juhana explains of this video still, "but it was midsummer in Finland, when the Sun hardly sets. We only had an hour to shoot when it was a little bit darker, so I put an ND on the lens, closed the iris and positioned an 18K HMI light that I'd rented (along with a generator) close to the talent. That allowed us to overpower the daylight and simulate a night scene for almost the whole shoot." Taken on a Canon EOS R5 with a Canon RF 24-105mm F4L IS USM lens at 50mm, 1/100 sec, f/4.5 and ISO 200. © Simelius Simelius

There are many different types of lighting setups for film and television production, often used in conjunction with each other. Here, we look at the main techniques used by professional cinematographers and how you can incorporate them into your own projects. Three-point lighting for video "Three-point lighting – a key light, a fill light and a backlight – is a really good base to build from, in both cinematography and still photography," Juhana says. The key light is the primary source of illumination for your subject, with a lower powered fill light placed on the opposite side of the subject to reduce the shadows created by the key light. The backlight adds a rim light to the subject's outline.

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High brightness LEDs provide some distinct advantages over many other forms of lamp. A table comparison of HBLEDs with other major technologies is given below.

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"Sometimes I rent fast lenses if I need them for a project, but the Canon EOS C500 Mark II that I use is awesome because you can really take advantage of the ISO," Juhana says. © Simelius Simelius

Working as a stills photographer taught Juhana how to use light to create atmosphere in his imagery. Taken on a Canon EOS 5DS (now succeeded by the Canon EOS R5) with a Canon EF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens (now succeeded by the Canon EF 24-105mm f/4L IS II USM) at 58mm, 1/125 sec, f/8 and ISO 320. © Simelius Simelius

"Initially it was really hard for me to achieve a moody look for videos, because my background is commercial stills photography where everything must always be brightly lit with the product or subject clearly visible," says Juhana. Taken on a Canon EOS R5 with a Canon RF 24-105mm F4L IS USM lens at 42mm, 1/125 sec, f/8 and ISO 640. © Simelius Simelius

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"My lighting style is changing all the time," says DoP Juhana Simelius, who cites celebrated cinematographer Sir Roger Deakins as an inspiration. "A couple of years ago, I wanted all of my work to look bright and candy-coloured, but nowadays I'm trying to light videos in a moodier way." © Simelius Simelius

Ambient lighting for video Ambient lighting is created by any light source that hasn't been added by the cinematographer or gaffer. Ambient or available light can include natural light and practical lights that already exist at a location, such as the overhead lights in a room. Documentary filmmakers and hybrid shooters typically have no option other than to use ambient lighting when filming on the fly. Natural lighting for video You can react more quickly if you don't have to set up and power artificial lights. Natural lighting is also free – although scrims, reflectors, flags and other video lighting accessories may be required to manage the highlights and shadows. Time of day is crucial for filming with natural lighting, with the warm light at dawn and dusk, or the cool hues of the blue hour enabling the creation of evocative cinematic images.

The shadows bring drama to this still image, accentuating the light from the window. Don't be afraid of shadows when shooting video, says Juhana. "You can achieve a lot with one key light, a few practical lamps and a bounce card." Taken on a Canon EOS 5DS with a Canon EF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM lens at 40mm, 1/125 sec, f/8 and ISO 320. © Simelius Simelius

Lighting choices can make or break a video. Beyond its role in exposure, the lighting design plays a fundamental role in the artistry of a film. There are countless techniques for lighting in video. "I always want to try something new, play with the light, and find new possibilities," says DoP and Canon Ambassador Juhana Simelius. "But the basic principles of lighting are always the same." Juhana and his wife Nana head up creative Finnish video and photography production studio Simelius Simelius, which works primarily with clients in music, fashion and advertising. Juhana has a background in stills photography and confesses that the move to cinematic lighting was challenging to begin with. "I learned to shape light for still photos, and then tried to apply those principles to cinematography," he says. "With a still photo, you're often lighting a single subject, but with cinematic lighting, everything happens on a much bigger scale."

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Fill lighting for video A single key light will create shadows across a subject. While this can be used to reveal texture, shape and form, fill lighting can produce a more balanced result. A fill light is positioned opposite the key light with the power dialled down so that it brightens the shadows without removing them completely. Fill lighting can be provided by light that's reflected or bounced from the key light, but a dedicated fill light will provide more control.

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There are numerous ways that you can use bounce lighting, including lighting the subject from behind and using a bounce board to reflect the light back towards them, or firing the key light at a wall or the ceiling. White surfaces are best for this technique as coloured paint can add a cast across the scene. Changing the angle and distance of either the lights or the bounce surface can have a dramatic effect on the softness of the light and where the shadows fall.

Light Emitting Diode Tutorial Includes: Light emitting diode     How does a LED work     How a LED is made     LED datasheet specifications     LED lifetime     LED packages     High power / brightness LEDs     LED lighting technology     LED COBs     Organic LEDs, OLEDs

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There are several enhancements that have been made to basic LED technology to enable the high brightness LEDs, HBLEDs to be developed and successfully manufactured.

"We mainly use 300-watt LEDs in our studio, but I also still have a few tungsten lights that I really love and two HMIs – not the big boys, just 1200-watt lamps," says Juhana. "For the LEDs I have softboxes and big octas, and I have many flags and scrims to shape the light." © Simelius Simelius

This still is taken from a music video created for Finnish musician Reino Nordin, which was directed and scripted by Nana with Juhana as the cinematographer. Taken on a Canon EOS R5 with a Canon RF 24-105mm F4L IS USM lens at 24mm, 1/100 sec, f/5 and ISO 200. © Simelius Simelius

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In view of their advantages high brightness LEDs, HBLEDs are being used increasingly in many lighting applications from domestic, office and room lighting to automotive lighting.

Surface mount technology allowed development of LEDs in such a way that the printed circuit board could act as a heat sink - with LEDs mounted onto the board, any heat could be removed reasonably effectively, and this allowed light levels to be increased. With HBLEDs running at much higher power levels, dissipating the increased levels of heat generated is a key issue.

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These high power LEDs or high brightness LEDs provide much higher levels of light output than the traditional indicator LEDs. This places new challenges on the technology, although they are able to provide high levels of performance: greater efficiency than other forms of lighting technology and a much longer lifetime.

Cinematic lighting techniques enable you to form a specific look and capture evocative moments. Lighting for video is both functional and creative, enabling you to not only achieve the required exposure, but also to add depth to scenes, direct the viewer's attention towards a subject and augment your film's story.

Practical lighting for video 'Practicals' are sources of light that the audience sees on screen, such as table lamps, television sets, car headlights and candles. As well as providing a source of illumination, practical lights help to build the cinematic world of the film and immerse the viewer in the story. They can be a prop, such as torches held by the characters in a horror film, or simple background details that add depth and visual interest to the frame. "I really like to include practical lamps in a scene where possible, and then put a diffusion filter on the lens to add a glow to the highlights for a moody look," says Juhana. "Having a few practical lamps can provide the motivation for off-screen lighting as well." Motivated lighting for video Motivated lighting is used off-camera to imitate and accentuate existing light sources that appear in the frame. As the name suggests, motivated lighting needs a logical reason to be there. It should make sense to a viewer and not leave them questioning what the source of the light is. To create a cohesive look, colour correction gels can be used on the motivated light sources to match the colour temperature of the lights in-shot. Diffusers and other light modifiers can be used to soften and shape the motivated lighting as well. "I sometimes use LEDs to supplement the natural light of blue hour as it's easy to change the colour and adjust the power to make the light blend in," adds Juhana.

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High brightness LEDs utilise this effective heat removal to enable the HBLED junction to remain within its safe limits while still producing the light output required. In addition to this, more effective manufacturing processes have enabled the efficiency to be improved.

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Key lighting for video The key light is the main light in a video lighting plan. Once its position is finalised, you can build the rest of your lighting scheme from there. Key lighting doesn't have to come from directly in front of the subject. You could position the key light to the side or behind the subject, and perhaps use reflected light or the fill light to open up the shadows. If you're shooting outdoors in daylight then the Sun can act as the key light, although on clear days you may need to reach for reflectors and bounce cards to reduce contrast.

High-key versus low-key lighting for video High-key and low-key are effective lighting techniques for influencing the emotional tone of a scene or film. High-key lighting lowers the contrast between dark and bright areas. By reducing the key-to-fill light ratio, the image takes on a clean and airy look with minimal shadows. This bright, soft lighting suits comedies, commercials and productions that need an upbeat, positive feel. "I'd typically use high-key lighting for a beauty video shoot, with two symmetrical back lights and a beauty dish in front to give a nice, soft look to the model's face," says Juhana. Unlike high-key, low-key lighting emphasises shadows. It uses little – if any – fill light, allowing hard shadows and dark tones to fill the frame. The high-contrast look is often used to underscore the drama and mystery of thrillers and horror films.

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The initial indicator LEDs used a traditional through hole style wired package. A standard 5mm LED would produce a light output of around two or three lumens for an input of 100 mW - equivalent to 20 or 30 lumens per watt.

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Other diodes: Diode types     High brightness LEDs, also known as HBLEDs or high power LEDs, are being used increasingly for lighting applications. These high power LEDs or high brightness LEDs provide much higher levels of light output than the traditional indicator LEDs. This places new challenges on the technology, although they are able to provide high levels of performance: greater efficiency than other forms of lighting technology and a much longer lifetime. HBLED: high brightness LED definition With many LEDs being introduced onto the market, and available light levels increasing, it is useful to be able to define a high brightness HBLED and a high power LED as these terms refer to slightly different aspects of operation. High brightness LED HBLED definition:   One HBLED definition is that it is a light emitting diode that produces over 50 lumens (1 candela = 12.75 lumens). High power LED:   Generally a high power LED is defined as consumes more than 1 watt in power. Although high power LEDs and high brightness LEDs, HBLEDs may normally be one and the same, the two definitions refer to different characteristics or parameters. HBLED technology There are several enhancements that have been made to basic LED technology to enable the high brightness LEDs, HBLEDs to be developed and successfully manufactured. The initial indicator LEDs used a traditional through hole style wired package. A standard 5mm LED would produce a light output of around two or three lumens for an input of 100 mW - equivalent to 20 or 30 lumens per watt. Surface mount technology allowed development of LEDs in such a way that the printed circuit board could act as a heat sink - with LEDs mounted onto the board, any heat could be removed reasonably effectively, and this allowed light levels to be increased. With HBLEDs running at much higher power levels, dissipating the increased levels of heat generated is a key issue. The next development was to add a thermal heat slug directly into the bottom of the surface mount package. Being located directly under the LED junction, this allowed heat to be removed far more effectively. High brightness LEDs utilise this effective heat removal to enable the HBLED junction to remain within its safe limits while still producing the light output required. In addition to this, more effective manufacturing processes have enabled the efficiency to be improved. High brightness LED / other technology comparison High brightness LEDs provide some distinct advantages over many other forms of lamp. A table comparison of HBLEDs with other major technologies is given below. Lamp type Typical efficiency(Lumens per watt) High brightness LED, HBLED >100 and improving Tungsten filament lamp ~18 Compact Fluorescent Lamp, CFL ~60 Sodium lamps, e.g. street lamps ~100 - 200 HBLED advantages High brightness LEDs have a number of advantages over the standard LEDs and other technologies. Offer higher brightness levels, particularly when compared to standard LEDs Longer life than other lighting technologies including incandescent and CFLs. Low cost: HBLEDs although expensive to buy initially, provide a lower cost over the lifetime of the LEDs in view of their longer life. RoHS manufacturing compatibility (lead free) – they are also far more environmentally friendly than CFLs that require specialist disposal. In view of their advantages high brightness LEDs, HBLEDs are being used increasingly in many lighting applications from domestic, office and room lighting to automotive lighting. Previous page     Next page       Written by Ian Poole .   Experienced electronics engineer and author. More Electronic Components: Batteries     Capacitors     Connectors     ADC     DAC     Diodes     FET     Inductors     Memory types     Phototransistor     Quartz crystals     Relays     Resistors     RF connectors     Switches     Surface mount technology     Thyristor     Transformers     Transistor     Unijunction     Valves / Tubes         Return to Components menu . . .