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PhotoModeler is one of the leading tools for photogrammetry (the science of generating measurements and accurate 3d data from photography).

A strict technical definition of focal length is difficult without providing a lot of background in lens theory, so we will use a simplification. You can think of focal length as the distance between the imaging plane (e.g. the image chip in a digital camera) and a point where all light rays intersect inside the lens (the ‘optical center’). So a focal length of 20mm means that the distance from the optical center to the imaging plane is 20mm long (about ¾ of an inch). What does the focal length number mean?

Let’s say you take a picture of an automobile with two cameras, a 35mm film camera and a smartphone camera. You stand in the same spot and take two photos, one with each camera. In both cases you want to take a photo of the automobile that fills the frame. If the 35mm film camera lens has a 50mm focal length, the digital camera’s focal length might be 4mm. So even though they are very different numbers they produce the same result because of the size of the imaging surface. So the “equivalent 35mm focal length” for this smartphone camera at 4mm is 50mm.

Focallength formula

A camera typically has focal length in a range of 10mm to 500mm.  Different types of camera can have different ranges and speciality lenses can extend outside this range as well.  A 10mm focal length would be a very wide lens (capturing a lot of the scene), and 500mm would be a very narrow lens (capturing only a small part of the scene – giving a large magnification like binoculars or a telescope).

All lenses have a stated or specified focal length value (or range of values for a zoom lens). This printed number is actually its nominal length or the principal distance when the lens is focused at infinity. As you focus on objects that are closer to the camera, the principal distance changes.  So for example, a 50mm lens focused on an object a few feet away might have a principal distance of 55mm lens at that time. The most extreme example of this is with a macro setting (a lens setting that allows you to focus on very close, very small objects, under 5″ in size for example). A lens that has a 50mm nominal focal length (so a 50mm principal distance when focused at infinity) might in fact have a 100mm principal distance when focused at a few inches! This is why it is good with photogrammetry (where precise geometry is needed) to calibrate a camera at the distance you will be working with.

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Cameras can have fixed lenses (sometimes called ‘prime’ lenses) which have just one focal length, or zoom lenses which allow the focal length to be varied (for example between 18mm-55mm, or 55mm-200mm). For high accuracy photogrammetric work in PhotoModeler, a fixed (or prime) wide lens (such as a 20mm lens on an APS-C frame camera) is recommended as the primary option, but different applications may require different focal lengths, and cameras with adjustable zoom lenses can still be used to achieve very good results with some extra procedural care over the focal length.

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Lenses can be adapted from one mount (and respective FFD) to another. FFD determines whether infinity focus can be accomplished with a simple non-optical adapter. Optics to correct for distance introduce more cost and can lower image quality, so non-optical lens adapters are preferred. A simple non-optical adapter holds the longer FFD lens the appropriate additional distance away from the sensor or film on the shorter FFD camera. A camera body with a shorter FFD can accept a larger number of lenses (those with a longer FFD) by using a simple adapter. A lens with a longer FFD can be more readily adapted to a larger number of camera bodies (those with a shorter FFD). If the difference is small, other factors such as the sizes and positions of the mounting flanges will influence whether a lens can be adapted without optics.

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There is some ability to calibrate a camera (which solves the principal distance) at one focus and execute your photogrammetric project at another focus.  The actual discrepancy that is acceptable depends on your accuracy requirements and how much the focus changes.  Generally a calibration done at 2m/6ft focus distance is acceptable for projects up to infinite focus (again depending on accuracy requirements), but may not be acceptable for a project where the focus distance was 50cm/20in.

Focaldistance vsfocallength

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The focal length number tells us how much of the scene is captured in the picture. The lower the number the wider the view, and the more we can see.  The higher the number, the narrower the view, and the less we can see.   This is illustrated below – where the camera is stationary and the focal length (in white numerals) changes:

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FOV tofocallength

When you buy a digital camera you will often see the specification “equivalent 35mm focal length”. What does this mean? Most digital cameras have imaging chips that cover much less area than a standard 35mm film frame. Since 35mm film cameras were the standard for so long in photography, much of the techniques and methods were developed around them. A 35mm film camera has a negative that is about 36mm wide by 24mm high (the “35” comes from the physical width of the film stock that is exactly 35mm wide).  A ‘normal lens’ (has a field of view that appears ‘natural’ to humans) on a 35mm film camera has a focal length of 50mm.

Note: A technical photogrammetry term that you may come across is the “Principal Distance”.  Strictly, the Principal Distance is the distance mentioned above (i.e. distance from imaging plane to the lens optical sensor), and the focal length is the principal distance when the lens is focused at infinity. See below for more information on focus vs focal length. When PhotoModeler lists focal length for a camera, it is actually the Principal Distance that is shown.

flange focal distance (FFD) (also known as the flange-to-film distance, flange focal depth, flange back distance (FBD), flange focal length (FFL), or register, depending on the usage and source) of a lens mount system is the distance from the mounting flange (the interlocking metal rings on the camera and the rear of the lens) to the film or image sensor plane. This value is different for different camera systems. The range of this distance, which will render an image clearly in focus within all focal lengths, is usually measured to a precision of hundredths of millimetres, and is not to be confused with depth of field.

Focal length is a number that is vital to photography and photogrammetry but often misunderstood. What is focal length?

Modern digital cameras can have imaging chips that are as small as 6mm by 4mm; some Smartphone cameras are even smaller, and then up to full 24mm by 35mm size.  A very common size is the APS-C format at 16mm by 24mm. This smaller size affects what is considered to be a ‘normal’ focal length.

In many cases though, the advantages of using focus (i.e. crisp targets and distinct features) with subtle effects on principal distance/focal length, outweigh the advantages of keeping focus and principal distance constant (i.e. potentially causing blur in some photos taken at a different distance).

Focallength

Above we mention that focal length is related to focus distance.  Focal length is the principal distance of a camera when it is focused at infinity. In photogrammetry we are interested in the camera’s internal geometry at the time photos were taken – so it is the principal distance that we want to know precisely in photogrammetry.

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Camera manufacturers sometimes list these equivalents because some photographers are more familiar with 35mm cameras and they want to make it easier to understand. It also gives us a standard of reference for all the different format sizes. They may also list the multiplier factor. For example, the APS-C multiplier is around 1.6x.  So a 32mm lens on an APS-C camera (like the Nikon D3200) would act like a 50mm lens on a 35mm film camera. Does focusing affect the focal length?