Moreover, this code is UI-toolkit specific and needs to be replaced with any change of the toolkit. The sheer amount of code can make this prohibitively expensive, which leads to the costly and risky "solution" of redoing the presentation layer all over again. The UI code becomes a throw-away artefact without the chance to improve and mature.

But then, you may want to throw in some variation, let's say a two-column form instead of one-column. Or add a search form, a master-detail view, a dashboard, and so on. Perfect. Create a projector for each of those. You will quickly find that most applications only have so-many different schemes. Make a catalog of your projectors like in Figure 3: Projector Catalog, let your business chose from it, and all the lengthy discussions about how the UI should look like are gone.

Another prerequisite is the availability of a presentation model abstraction. We will explain that a little later. If presentation models are not yet available, they can be created quite easily.

Now that you know what backlight photography is, why it’s used, and how it works alongside other lighting methods, let’s get down to business. Here are nine tips and tricks you can tuck into your brain, plus a few handy backlight photography examples.

Backlight adalah

On the other hand, remember that the viewer still needs to see. If you need reminding, here’s that infamous Game Of Thrones episode, The Long Night, in which you’ll struggle to catch any of the action. The show’s cinematographer claimed that viewers just had their TVs calibrated incorrectly, but as a rule of thumb, your content shouldn’t force viewers to upend their settings. Whoops.

Following the arrows in Figure 2: Projector Pattern Structure reveals the important dependencies. But it is equally important - if not more so - to recognize the arrows that are not available:

OpenDolphin makes prolific use of the projector pattern in its demo applications as shown in the following code excerpt. Full version.

The projector pattern is designed to be used for user interfaces with potentially many screens that can be classified into typical schemes. Such schemes might include one-column-form, two-column-form, search form, dashboard, etc.

A spot meter measures the light reflected from a subject and adjusts exposure based on that, rather than the outline caused by the backlight. This ensures that your subject receives the right amount of overexposure. Standard exposure readings often underexpose the subject in these situations, as the rim light throws them off balance.

If the views need to change in visualization or behaviour, the change can be applied in one single place - the projector - and the whole application is updated at once. Fine-tuning the UI suddenly becomes inexpensive. Better UIs emerge. Users are delighted.

Pretty much any implementation of the projector pattern and any application that uses the pattern also makes use of many classical "Gang of Four" Patterns, in particular: Observer, Singleton, Decorator, Adapter, Interpreter, Template Method, Strategy, Composite, Abstract Factory. Functional languages can replace many of those with higher-order functions and function composition.

A common question is how the projector pattern relates to "components" because those also create a visual representation and are meant to be compositional. The answer is that projectors often use one component or many components to create the view and use the component's binding facilities to synchronize with the presentation models. In short, it is a "used-by" relationship.

Frontlight photography is the opposite of backlight photography, illuminating from the front of the subject via key lighting. It’s common in daytime TV, online content, and ads, as it lends a more natural finish. The shots aren’t as dramatic as backlit content, but there’s a time and place for both.

The projector pattern can be used with many languages and UI toolkits. Below are two such usages, one for the Java platform and another one for JavaScript/Web.

The general solution idea is to create a projector abstraction, which - depending on the programming language - can be an object, a function, a module, or a data structure with enclosed logic.

View creation becomes as simple and efficient as choosing from a catalog. Views do not only come with a consistent "look" but also a consistent "feel". They all react to user input in the same way throughout the application.

Backlight TV

Rich presentation models do not only manage a value (let's say the first name of a person) but also lots of additional information that is needed for the presentation: the label, help, tooltip, and whether it is optional, enabled, editable, valid, dirty (changed by user and not yet saved) and so on. Since this additional information can change at runtime, it must be observable (see Observer Pattern).

Backlight photography gives photos and video a striking, artistic edge. Learn what it is, which settings you need, and tips for shooting backlit footage.

Backlight photography isn’t the quickest or easiest skill to master, but it can make the difference between a flat image and a scene bursting with life. If you’re lining up a shot and it doesn’t hit right, consider the backlight — it might just do the trick.

The video of a conference talk that introduces the pattern is available here . (german)

One might assume that many of the issues can be solved by source code generation. But code generation and templating approaches often don't yield enough flexibility in the view construction:

Many closed-source projects have used the projector pattern successfully in the finance industry, banking, insurance, trading, logistics, retail, public service, and more.

Note that a projector creates view and binding as runtime abstractions, not as source code. One can therefore see the projector as an instance of the Interpreter Pattern.

Backlight photography works as part of the three-point lighting setup, which is found in most professional productions. The three points refer to three primary light sources: key lighting, fill lighting, and backlighting.

The projector pattern has emerged from the work of many developers. The current form was mainly influenced by Prof. Dierk König, Dr. Dieter Holz, Gerrit Grunwald, and Andres Almiray. We present the pattern in classical structure as introduced by Christopher Alexander.

The pattern can only work if we have a UI toolkit with elements (aka components, widgets) that expose a binding facility. Binding means that we can listen for changes in the element (view binding) and we apply changes to the element (data binding). Some such UI toolkits are: JavaFX, Swing, AWT, SWT, WFC, HTML/DOM, Tk, GTK, and Fox. The pattern is not designed to work with command-line user interfaces.

The light is often positioned higher than the subject, providing depth and focusing on shapes. Backlight photography is a core part of the three-point lighting set-up — more on that shortly — and adds a dose of drama to your compositions and footage.

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Please note that variation in the projectors is not confined to the visual representation. You can also provide variety in UX paradigms. One set of projectors can for example use traditional save/cancel buttons while a different set goes for direct manipulation where all choices are directly applied (like in most Apple UIs).

Backlight BL

Exchangeable projectors enable quick and safe migration when the UI toolkit changes as well as multichannel support for other UI toolkits.

Various attempts to source code generation had varied degrees of success in the past like CASE tools and model-driven-architecture (MDA). This approach has its areas of applicability, but you have to do it really well to succeed, and it is very easy to not doing it well enough.

Backlight company

With this general knowledge about the proposed structure of the projector pattern, let's have a look into possible implementations in various technologies.

Positioning a backlight from a higher angle than the key, at roughly 45 degrees, increases the depth and space behind the subject, forming an outline of light around them. This is sometimes called kicker or rim lighting, and reveals some of the space behind the subject, rather than just saturating it in darkness.

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No business logic ever touches any UI element but only presentation models, which are UI-toolkit agnostic. All business logic can therefore be tested without the UI and remains untouched when UI-specific code needs to change.

Backlight in laptop

Have you ever heard "we had no time to make a better UI"? This is a direct result of the bad economics behind throw-away-and-redo UIs. Needless to say that it is not a morale booster to work for the trash can and the best and brightest developers might want to work on something that is more appreciated.

Implementing dedicated views for many screens including model binding leads to much code that needs to be created, tested, and maintained. Such code tends to be full of structural duplication, which leads to all sorts of problems like keeping the UI look and feel consistent, having to fix a single bugs in many places, etc.

Just around dawn or sunset are perfect for backlighting — that’s why they’re collectively called the Golden Hour, after all! The sun will be low on the horizon, casting a soft, natural light behind your subject. If you leave it too late in the day, the sun will be too high, dispersing its rays more evenly.

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Once you have created your first projector that creates - let's say - a standard form, you can enjoy the efficiency boost that comes from creating as many forms as you want from only a single line of code. These forms all look consistent and work consistently by design. That is nice. Users love UI consistency.

Implementation remarks: in a Java/C#/TypeScript-like type system, it is often helpful to make projectors interchangeable by means of the Abstract Factory Pattern. In JavaScript, projectors become interchangeable by putting them in modules. The user imports the module of the specific projector that he wants to use.

For all of the technical terms littered throughout filmmaking, backlight photography does what the name suggests: it positions a light source behind an actor or subject. This results in a classy, unmistakable rim of light around the subject. It can be as extreme as a silhouette, or mild as an outline, and is used everywhere from TV to theater, concerts to blockbusters.

Let's introduce the concept of an Attribute to store all these observables. This gives us for example a "firstname" attribute. Many such attributes (firstname, lastname, birthdate, etc.) can be bundled in a presentation model (here: the person presentation model).

Forget about autofocus — switch to manual. Cameras are built to capture frontlit photography, and often struggle to understand backlit compositions without a human nudge. Broadly, you’ll need to overexpose the shot, as the front will be darker than the back.

Backlight photography is tricky to master because the light’s coming straight at the camera. This usually results in lens flare or too much overexposure, which can stumble from ‘artsy’ to ‘messy’ pretty quick. If it looks strange, flags and hoods are your friends, alongside the dimmers mentioned above.

Backlight in photography

Projectors are compositional: one projector can create a view and binding that a second projector aggregates. A projector for a "week" might aggregate seven projectors for a "day".

Such rich presentation models contain all information and capabilities that a projector needs in the binding to make the UI toolkit elements automatically synchronize with their models.

When using the projector pattern in the context of a classical model-view-controller (MVC) structure, our presentation models take the role of the model (M) and are only accessible through the controller (C). This in turn means that any projector does not work directly with the presentation model but with one or many controllers.

It follows that any projector is specific to a UI toolkit. By exchanging the projector, one can present the same presentation model in a different UI toolkit.

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Check out this shot from Denis Villeneuve’s adaptation of Dune. The sun casts both Zendaya and the scenery in a ghostly, larger-than-life light. Which is perfect, really, given that Zendaya’s character, Chani, appears to the film’s protagonist in his dreams.

The Abstract UI Toolkit Pattern can be seen as a competitor for the aspect of being able to render the same UI information on different specific UI toolkits. This is true but abstraction over different toolkits is difficult to get right without falling back to the least common denominator and making the UIs unambitious.

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Try a wide aperture between f/2.8 to f/5.6, an ISO somewhere around the 100 mark, and a shutter speed between 1/100 and 1/640. This is just the start, though. Shoot some test footage, review it, and adjust your settings as required.

You could use a tungsten light, an LED light. It could be a Fresnel light, a wash light — there are so many different lighting styles, which means a little trial and error. And that’s OK. As long as your budget and schedule allow, fiddle with different light sources to find the right match.

Backlight lighting

The projector in Figure 1: Projector Pattern Overview takes rich presentation models as input and creates a presentation by "projecting" the presentation models in the target UI toolkit. Such a presentation creates the view from UI elements as available in the target UI toolkit and binds the presentation models to those elements.

Figure 2: Projector Pattern Structure connects the structural pieces of the projector pattern and shows their relation. It places the projector pattern in the context of a classical MVC application where access to the presentation models in funneled through a supervising controller.

Know the rules, then break them. Sometimes, a backlight is all you need to create an incredible shot: five seconds of eerie chiaroscuro could say more than an entire script. It might not work in every context, but you won’t know until you try.

Examine the below shot from William Friedkin’s The Exorcist for a final, top-tier example of backlight photography. It may well be the most famous backlit shot out there, and it’s just framed by a light coming from a little girl’s bedroom.

Nailing the white balance will improve backlit content. The colors will be more lifelike, which can be tricky to gauge when you’re blasting your subject with a backlight.

The key lights illuminate the subject’s front, the fill comes from the side of the key, and the backlight stays behind, opposing the key. Together, they create different dimensions and depth.

Backlight photography is dramatic, intense, artsy — it can flip a standard-looking frame into something magical. But it isn’t easy. Let’s cover the essentials today.

Kolibri makes prolific use of the projector pattern in its examples as shown in the following code excerpt where a form is created with one line of code.

The implementation section lists two open-source projects and much more projects of that kind can be found in public repositories (GroupHub, DuploFX, faceted search, etc.). There is even an extension into embedded devices showcasing the power of the pattern but running the same code against a software and a hardware UI.

The renovation of the iconic New York City restaurant Tavern on the Green celebrates its lighting design, both past and present.

Unless you’re overloading it for a specific purpose, backlight photography should be low-key and subtle. Try using dimmers or flags to dial down the intensity — the aim is to bring attention to a subject rather than overpower it.

The backlight should be behind the subject at about 45 degrees, sure. But it’s worth mixing up the angles every now and then, shooting from different vantage points and moving the backlight. Ideally, the light should still spill around the sides of your subject, leaving the light source largely hidden — see how much you can meddle with that.

All these benefits come with one downside: when replacing so-many views with just one projector, then this more general projector is likely to be more complex to implement and test. But, luckily, it has to be tested only once.

backlighted - Translation to Spanish, pronunciation, and forum discussions.

Backlight LED

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UI development no longer produces costly throw-away code but rather becomes an investment that pays off over time.

Using just one of these lights rather than three often results in an uneven image. Without the backlight, the key and fill lights would flatten the subject.

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Backlit video and images are striking, right? It’s not a skill you can pick up from day one, nor is it appropriate for every single shot. But, if used tactfully, backlight photography can cast a frame in an entirely new, well, light. Let’s dig into some of the main uses below:

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Another way to spice up your video content is with music. After all, the soundtrack can make or break your content — why let one needle-drop derail your project? Epidemic Sound’s got you covered.

The code size is massively reduced and contains less structural duplication, which leads to reduced testing effort and fewer bugs.

The absence of knowledge is crucially important as it constrains the possible harm that any piece of code might do.

The Kolibri examples show the use of the projector pattern right in the browser with explanations and links to the code that implements and code that uses the pattern. You might want to check out: Simple Form , Work Day , and Work Week .

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