Strobes and speedlights are similar in that they both emit short bursts of light, and both need low shutter speeds. A speedlight, also known as a hot-shoe flash or flashgun, can be used as an on-camera flash or off-camera lighting.

Once you’re comfortable working with a strobe, you can unleash your creativity and start taking stroboscopic portraits. This unique photography style uses strobe lighting combined with long exposure to create stop-motion pictures. All you need is a strobe that allows you to adjust the number of flashes and the frequency. Set off the strobe a number of times during a single long exposure while your subject moves. Experiment for some fun and interesting effects!

Fig. 5. Overview of the different settings. 1: Bright field illumination. 2: Darkfield stop. 3: Decentering the condenser. 4: Auxiliary lens shifted under condenser. 5: Tilted condenser top lens. 6: Filter holder positioned in light path. On the far right of the picture, the illumination at the back lens of the objective is seen, photographed using a phase telescope.

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If you’ve never used strobes before, you’ll be happy to know they’re beginner friendly. All that’s needed are a few setting adjustments, and you’re good to go.

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One of the many benefits of strobe lighting is that it’s powerful enough to overpower the sun, yielding some unique effects. Using a strobe outdoors will highlight your subject against the background and give you a powerful and vibrant shot.

Strobe lighting can help take your photos to the next level by giving you perfectly lit photos every time. There are so many ways to use them, from portraits to underwater photography. Of course, natural light will always be king, but sometimes natural light needs a little help.

Fig.1. Methods to achieve oblique illumination. A: Darkfield stop of 18 mm in diameter in filter holder. B: Shifting the auxiliary lens. C: Shifting the filter holder. D: Tilted condenser top lens.

We hope you’re encouraged to add strobes to your next shoot if you haven’t tried them already. They’re fast, powerful, and are sure to enhance your photos.

LED lights, halogen lights, and xenon flash lamps are all used for strobe lighting. Depending on the kit you buy, they can range from 100 to 1,000 watts. When purchasing a strobe kit, you may want to look for one with adjustable output. This will allow you to turn the light intensity down when doing close-ups and use more power when your subject is farther away.

an imaging technique used for multiscale structural characterisation. It is capable of mapping deeply embedded structural elements with nm-resolution.

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With oblique illumination, both contrast and the visibility of fine details are enhanced. A pseudo 3-dimensional effect is created that gives depth to structures in the specimen thereby increasing visibility.

Fig.3. Oblique illumination by decentering the condenser (left, setting 3) or by shifting the auxiliary lens under the condenser (right, setting 4).

Oblique illumination can be achieved in many different ways. By simply holding a finger between the light source and condenser, already a kind of oblique lighting is achieved. In principle, any intervention in the light path that results in an uneven illumination of the specimen qualifies as oblique illumination. But some methods are better than others. A proven method for creating oblique illumination is the usage of a darkfield stop or a phase contrast condenser. Also, with an additional lens underneath the condenser, like for example an auxiliary lens, a nice oblique illumination can be created when the lens is shifted.

I have experimented a bit with oblique illumination on the Leitz Dialux II, using the Leitz Fluotar 25/0.55 objective. The diatom Cymbella was used as a test-object and the oblique illumination was realised in 5 different ways:

When natural light won’t work or isn’t enough, strobe lighting can be your saving grace. Here’s your official guide to strobe photography.

I achieved the most satisfactory results by placing a lens on the light exit of the Zeiss Standard GFL. The lens I used for this came from a Carl Zeiss Jena (1.2 N.A.) Abbe condenser. I unscrewed the top lens and placed the bottom lens (the field lens) asymmetrically on the light exit. The condenser of the Zeiss Standard GFL is turned all the way up and the aperture diaphragm is fully opened. The field aperture of the light exit is also opened to the maximum. The field lens is then placed on the light exit and shifted until a satisfactory result is achieved. I set the position of the field lens in such a way that there is no strong illumination gradient in the image, while at the same time enough depth of field has to be created for the objects to appear with plasticity. With a little experimentation, results can look a lot like Differential Interference Contrast (DIC).

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Pediastrum, photographed in bright field (left) and oblique illumination (right, single image) as described above. Objective: Carl Zeiss Apo 40/1.0. For the image with oblique illumination, the aperture of the objective was reduced to approximately 0.8 by means of the iris in the objective. Camera: Canon EOS 600D.

With normal bright field illumination, a specimen is evenly illuminated from all sides. When the light that illuminates the specimen is coming from one side, it is called oblique illumination. With oblique illumination, less light is shining directly through the specimen. In stead, the light rays are illuminating the specimen at an angle which gives a relief effect. This illumination technique is very old and is used to increase the visibility of difficult specimens.

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Have you worked with strobe lighting before? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below, or start a conversation on X, Instagram, and Facebook.

For instance, you may want a more dramatic outdoor shot with a well-lit subject, vibrant colors, and dark background, or you may do a lot of portrait or studio photography.

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Experimenting with oblique illumination on a slide of Cymbella. A: normal brightfield illumination. 1-5: oblique illumination with the different methods described above.

Method for obtaining oblique illumination by interfering with the light path at the lamp exit. The field lens of a Carl Zeiss Jena condenser was placed on the light exit of a Zeiss-Winkel Standard GF. The lens is shifted to the top left to create an oblique illumination.

For the following tests I used a slide of Pleurosigma angulatum and a Zeiss-Winkel achromat 40/0.65. For a 40/0.65 objective, Pleursigma angulatum is a critical object; with insufficient resolution due to incorrect settings, the pore structure of this diatom will not visible. It is therefore a good test specimen to check the resolving power of a 40/0.65 objective. The experiments were performed with a Zeiss Standard GFL using the 0.9 NA flip-top Abbe condenser. The oblique illumination was created with different methods, each time another part of the microscope was shifted. When experimenting with oblique illumination it is important that the field diaphragm and aperture diaphragm are fully opened. Furthermore, the use of a phase-telescope or Bertrand lens is strongly recommended. These tools are used to monitor and record the illumination at the back lens of the objective so that optimal settings can be repeated later. The degree to which a certain part of the microscope is shifted and the height of the condenser have a drastic effect on the results. It is best to experiment with this as much as possible. Figure 1 shows some parts of the Standard GFL that were used to alter the illumination.

The following images of Pleurosigma angulatum were made using different settings. The effect of the settings (numbered 1 to 6) on the illumination at the back lens of the objective as seen through a phase-telescope is shown in figure 5.

Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii fotographed in brightfield (left) and oblique illumination (right). Objective: Zeiss-Winkel 25/0.45.

4: A diffuser was placed on the lamp-opening and on top of this a black disc was placed in a decentered way. The black disc was a course focussing knob of a microscope.

Fig.2. Pleurosigma angulatum in normal bright field illumination (left, setting 1) and oblique illumination using a darkfield stop in the filter holder (right, setting 2). In the right image, the fine structure of this diatom is much more visible.

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Fig.4. Oblique illumination by tilting the condenser top lens (left, setting 5) or by positioning the filter holder in the light path (right, setting 6).

Oblique illumination enhances contrast and improves the visibility of fine details and can be achieved with simple means. There are many different ways to create oblique illumination and each method has it’s own characteristics. The depth of field can be increased considerably with oblique illumination. It gives a more spatial impression of the object than normal brightfield illumination and the visibility of some details will be enhanced. If you look at photos taken with oblique illumination, there may be a sudden reversal of the relief; cavities suddenly look like bulges. This is an optical illusion. It is good practice to always take a picture in brightfield and compare it with the image taken with oblique lighting.

Strobes are strictly for off-camera use and are more powerful than speedlights. They also have a faster recycle rate. You may need a few seconds in between shots for a speedlight to recycle, while a strobe will recycle and be ready to go again almost instantly.

I personally find that in the experiment above the best contrast and resolving power was obtained by shifting the auxiliary lens (setting 4) or using a darkfield stop in the filter holder (setting 2). In my opinion, these two methods proved to be best in resolving the structure of Pleurosigma angulatum. On the other hand, decentering the condenser (setting 3) produced the least color artifacts and a nearly gradient-free oblique illumination was obtained.

In addition to improved contrast and resolving power, oblique illumination has a positive effect on the depth of field. At the same time, a pseudo-relief is created which can be clearly seen in the following image.

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