At Strands Lighting Division, we understand the revolutionary impact of premium LED bulbs in automotive lighting. These advanced lighting solutions offer superior illumination, cool white light, and significantly brighter light output compared to traditional lighting options.

In flat screen LCD televisions, there is a large light at the back of the TV. The light travels to the front screen through millions of tiny units called pixels (picture elements). One of these is shown in Figure 12 (a) and (b). Each unit has three cells, with red, blue, or green filters, each controlled independently. When the voltage across a liquid crystal is switched off, the liquid crystal passes the light through the particular filter. One can vary the picture contrast by varying the strength of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal.

5: When particles scattering light are much smaller than its wavelength, the amount of scattering is proportional to 1/ λ4. Does this mean there is more scattering for small λ than large λ? How does this relate to the fact that the sky is blue?  Hint:  red light has a wavelength of about 650 nm while blue light has a wavelength of about 400 nm.

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Interior lighting enhances the comfort and convenience of your vehicle’s cabin. Our interior lighting solutions include LED bulbs for dome lights, map lights, and courtesy lights, providing bright, energy-efficient illumination that elevates your driving experience.

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Strands Lighting Division prides itself on offering high-quality bulbs that not only illuminate the path ahead but also ensure the utmost safety for all road users. Our bulbs are meticulously designed to provide reliable performance, a testament to our unwavering commitment to safety and excellence.

2: The angle between the axes of two polarizing filters is 45.0 degrees. By how much does the second filter reduce the intensity of the light coming through the first?

Find Polaroid sunglasses and rotate one while holding the other still and look at different surfaces and objects. Explain your observations. What is the difference in angle from when you see a maximum intensity to when you see a minimum intensity? Find a reflective glass surface and do the same. At what angle does the glass need to be oriented to give minimum glare?

13: (a) Light reflected at 62.5o from a gemstone in a ring is completely polarized. Can the gem be a diamond? (b) At what angle would the light be completely polarized if the gem was in water?

Figure 6 shows the effect of two polarizing filters on originally unpolarized light. The first filter polarizes the light along its axis. When the axes of the first and second filters are aligned (parallel), then all of the polarized light passed by the first filter is also passed by the second. If the second polarizing filter is rotated, only the component of the light parallel to the second filter’s axis is passed. When the axes are perpendicular, no light is passed by the second.

However, these technologies are gradually being replaced by LED technology due to its superior performance and energy efficiency. LEDs not only offer better illumination but also have a longer lifespan and lower energy consumption.

One of the key advantages of LED bulbs is their remarkable energy efficiency. Unlike halogen bulbs, which convert a large portion of energy into heat, LEDs use their energy to produce light, drastically reducing power consumption.

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Only the component of the EM wave parallel to the axis of a filter is passed. Let us call the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of a filter θ. If the electric field has an amplitude E, then the transmitted part of the wave has an amplitude Ecosθ (see Figure 7). Since the intensity of a wave is proportional to its amplitude squared, the intensity I of the transmitted wave is related to the incident wave by

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Turn signals are essential for indicating your vehicle’s direction of travel to other road users. Strands Lighting Division’s turn signal bulbs offer bright, amber illumination and are designed to withstand the frequent on-off cycling required for this application.

Reverso Context: With the UIS infinity, bright and dark, polarized device-"bright and dark"

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Strands Lighting Division has a market leading range of powerful truck lights and accessories. We always ensure that each truck light meet our demands for premium quality. All of Strands’ truck lights are designed to make the truck driver’s job safer and more enjoyable when it’s dark.

Figure 8 illustrates what happens when unpolarized light is reflected from a surface. Vertically polarized light is preferentially refracted at the surface, so that the reflected light is left more horizontally polarized. The reasons for this phenomenon are beyond the scope of this text, but a convenient mnemonic for remembering this is to imagine the polarization direction to be like an arrow. Vertical polarization would be like an arrow perpendicular to the surface and would be more likely to stick and not be reflected. Horizontal polarization is like an arrow bouncing on its side and would be more likely to be reflected. Sunglasses with vertical axes would then block more reflected light than unpolarized light from other sources.

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(a) At what angle will light traveling in air be completely polarized horizontally when reflected from water? (b) From glass?

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4: Explain what happens to the energy carried by light that it is dimmed by passing it through two crossed polarizing filters.

What angle is needed between the direction of polarized light and the axis of a polarizing filter to reduce its intensity by 90.0 %?

All we need to solve these problems are the indices of refraction. Air has n1 = 1.00, water has n2 = 1.333, and crown glass has  n’2  = 1.520. The equation   can be directly applied to find θb in each case.

Our turn signals, brake lights, and hazard lights effectively convey a driver’s intentions to other road users, promoting smoother traffic flow and reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings that could lead to accidents. By offering reliable and high-performance signaling solutions, Strands Lighting Division contributes to safer roads for everyone.

Our commitment to excellence ensures that each car lamp we produce is built to last and withstand the rigors of diverse driving conditions.

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The advantages of integrating our premium LED technology into automotive lighting systems are both immediate and impactful, enhancing safety, efficiency, and style.

Since the part of the light that is not reflected is refracted, the amount of polarization depends on the indices of refraction of the media involved. It can be shown that reflected light is completely polarized at a angle of reflection θb, given by

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Interior ambient lighting creates a welcoming and personalized atmosphere within your vehicle’s cabin. Our ambient lighting solutions allow you to choose from a range of colors and intensities, enabling you to customize your vehicle’s interior to suit your preferences.

While you are undoubtedly aware of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) found in watches, calculators, computer screens, cellphones, flat screen televisions, and other myriad places, you may not be aware that they are based on polarization. Liquid crystals are so named because their molecules can be aligned even though they are in a liquid. Liquid crystals have the property that they can rotate the polarization of light passing through them by 90o. Furthermore, this property can be turned off by the application of a voltage, as illustrated in Figure 12. It is possible to manipulate this characteristic quickly and in small well-defined regions to create the contrast patterns we see in so many LCD devices.

Strands Lighting Division manufactures and sells automotive lighting designed for all types of vehicles. We are Europe's fastest growing brand in vehicle lighting and today our products are sold in more than 30 different countries. We develop and design automotive lighting according to your needs in order to make your driving safer. Here you will find the latest in automotive lighting innovation.

1: What angle is needed between the direction of polarized light and the axis of a polarizing filter to cut its intensity in half?

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The journey of automotive lighting has been a cornerstone in enhancing the safety and aesthetics of modern vehicles. From the early days of simple filament bulbs to the advanced LED and laser technologies of today, the evolution of car lamps has mirrored the advancements in automotive engineering and design.

If a polarizing filter reduces the intensity of polarized light to 50.0 %  of its original value, by how much are the electric and magnetic fields reduced?

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Headlights are the primary source of illumination for vehicles, providing visibility during nighttime driving and low-light conditions. At Strands Lighting Division, we offer a range of headlight options, including halogen, LED, and high-intensity discharge (HID) bulbs, each designed to deliver optimal brightness, color temperature, and energy efficiency.

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Figure 10 illustrates how the component of the electric field parallel to the long molecules is absorbed. An electromagnetic wave is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The electric field is strong compared with the magnetic field and is more effective in exerting force on charges in the molecules. The most affected charged particles are the electrons in the molecules, since electron masses are small. If the electron is forced to oscillate, it can absorb energy from the EM wave. This reduces the fields in the wave and, hence, reduces its intensity. In long molecules, electrons can more easily oscillate parallel to the molecule than in the perpendicular direction. The electrons are bound to the molecule and are more restricted in their movement perpendicular to the molecule. Thus, the electrons can absorb EM waves that have a component of their electric field parallel to the molecule. The electrons are much less responsive to electric fields perpendicular to the molecule and will allow those fields to pass. Thus the axis of the polarizing filter is perpendicular to the length of the molecule.

To examine this further, consider the transverse waves in the ropes shown in Figure 3. The oscillations in one rope are in a vertical plane and are said to be vertically polarized. Those in the other rope are in a horizontal plane and are horizontally polarized. If a vertical slit is placed on the first rope, the waves pass through. However, a vertical slit blocks the horizontally polarized waves. For EM waves, the direction of the electric field is analogous to the disturbances on the ropes.

When the intensity is reduced by 90.0% it is 10% or 0.100 times its original value. That is, I = 0.100 I0. Using this information, the equation I = I0 cos2θ can be used to solve for the needed angle.

LED technology has revolutionized the automotive lighting industry with its energy-efficient and long-lasting performance. LED headlights, fog lights, and tail lights are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to provide improved visibility and safety on the road.

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This advancement meant that vehicles could now reliably operate in a broader range of environmental conditions, from the freezing cold to the scorching heat, without compromising on safety or performance. Modern automotive lighting technologies, such as LED and laser lights, have further pushed the boundaries by offering exceptional visibility, longer lifespan, and minimal heat generation, contributing to the overall energy efficiency and aesthetic appeal of the vehicle.

3: If you have completely polarized light of intensity 150 W/m2 what will its intensity be after passing through a polarizing filter with its axis at an 89.0o angle to the light’s polarization direction?

Moreover, LED lights are designed to be durable and resistant to extreme temperatures, making them a reliable choice for various automotive lighting applications. Their energy-efficient nature means they consume less power, reducing the load on the vehicle’s electrical system and potentially extending battery life. This efficiency also translates to lower carbon emissions, making LED lighting a greener choice for vehicles.

The backbone of any automotive lighting system is its array of car lamps, which includes a diverse range of automotive lamps designed to cater to different functionalities and requirements.

Polarizing filters have a polarization axis that acts as a slit. This slit passes electromagnetic waves (often visible light) that have an electric field parallel to the axis. This is accomplished with long molecules aligned perpendicular to the axis as shown in Figure 9.

Strands’ automotive lighting & headlights comes with a truckload of great advantages. Our vehicle lighting greatly increases visibility when it’s dark outside which helps drivers navigate more safely. It’s also easier to perform tasks during the dark hours of the day because of less traffic. With Strands’ vehicle lighting, you can be sure to drive safely in the dark regardless of road condition or weather.

Daytime running lights enhance vehicle visibility during the day, making it easier for other drivers to see your vehicle. Strands Lighting Division’s DRL solutions incorporate LED technology, offering bright, energy-efficient illumination that complements your vehicle’s aesthetics.

Light reflected at these angles could be completely blocked by a good polarizing filter held with its axis vertical. Brewster’s angle for water and air are similar to those for glass and air, so that sunglasses are equally effective for light reflected from either water or glass under similar circumstances. Light not reflected is refracted into these media. So at an incident angle equal to Brewster’s angle, the refracted light will be slightly polarized vertically. It will not be completely polarized vertically, because only a small fraction of the incident light is reflected, and so a significant amount of horizontally polarized light is refracted.

With their superior performance and longevity, LED headlights and fog lights are setting new standards in the automotive industry.

Glass and plastic become optically active when stressed; the greater the stress, the greater the effect. Optical stress analysis on complicated shapes can be performed by making plastic models of them and observing them through crossed filters, as seen in Figure 14. It is apparent that the effect depends on wavelength as well as stress. The wavelength dependence is sometimes also used for artistic purposes.

A fairly large angle between the direction of polarization and the filter axis is needed to reduce the intensity to 10.0% of its original value. This seems reasonable based on experimenting with polarizing films. It is interesting that, at an angle of 45o, the intensity is reduced to 50% of its original value (as you will show in this section’s Problems & Exercises). Note that 71.6o is 18.4o from reducing the intensity to zero, and that at an angle of 18.4o the intensity is reduced to 90.0% of its original value (as you will also show in Problems & Exercises), giving evidence of symmetry.

14: If θb is Brewster’s angle for light reflected from the top of an interface between two substances, and θb‘  is Brewster’s angle for light reflected from below, prove that θb + θb‘ = 90o..

Many crystals and solutions rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. Such substances are said to be optically active. Examples include sugar water, insulin, and collagen (see Figure 13). In addition to depending on the type of substance, the amount and direction of rotation depends on a number of factors. Among these is the concentration of the substance, the distance the light travels through it, and the wavelength of light. Optical activity is due to the asymmetric shape of molecules in the substance, such as being helical. Measurements of the rotation of polarized light passing through substances can thus be used to measure concentrations, a standard technique for sugars. It can also give information on the shapes of molecules, such as proteins, and factors that affect their shapes, such as temperature and pH.

Additionally, our high-quality hazard lights enable drivers to warn others of breakdowns or accidents, preventing further incidents and facilitating timely assistance.

4: What angle would the axis of a polarizing filter need to make with the direction of polarized light of intensity 1.00 kW/m2 to reduce the intensity to 10.0W/m2?

17: (a) 2.07 x10-2 o C/s (b) Yes, the polarizing filters get hot because they absorb some of the lost energy from the sunlight.

Auxiliary lights provide additional illumination for specific purposes, such as off-road driving, work sites, or marine applications. Our auxiliary lighting solutions include LED light bars, spot lights, and flood lights, each designed to deliver powerful, reliable performance in demanding environments. LED auxiliary lighting enhances off-road adventures by improving visibility and safety during thrilling outdoor activities.

where n1 is the medium in which the incident and reflected light travel and n2 is the index of refraction of the medium that forms the interface that reflects the light. This equation is known as Brewster’s law, and θb is known as Brewster’s angle, named after the 19th-century Scottish physicist who discovered them.

At Strands Lighting Division, we understand that the cornerstone of vehicular safety and reliability lies in the quality of automotive lighting. Our high-quality bulbs are not just about illumination; they are about ensuring that every journey, regardless of time or weather, is safe.

By integrating cutting-edge technology and rigorous testing, we ensure that each bulb meets the highest safety standards, offering peace of mind to drivers worldwide.

The cool white light produced by our LEDs closely mimics daylight, improving visibility and reducing eye strain for drivers during nighttime driving.

This efficiency not only conserves energy but also reduces the load on the vehicle’s electrical system, potentially extending battery life and improving fuel efficiency.

If you hold your Polaroid sunglasses in front of you and rotate them while looking at blue sky, you will see the sky get bright and dim. This is a clear indication that light scattered by air is partially polarized. Figure 11 helps illustrate how this happens. Since light is a transverse EM wave, it vibrates the electrons of air molecules perpendicular to the direction it is traveling. The electrons then radiate like small antennae. Since they are oscillating perpendicular to the direction of the light ray, they produce EM radiation that is polarized perpendicular to the direction of the ray. When viewing the light along a line perpendicular to the original ray, as in Figure 11, there can be no polarization in the scattered light parallel to the original ray, because that would require the original ray to be a longitudinal wave. Along other directions, a component of the other polarization can be projected along the line of sight, and the scattered light will only be partially polarized. Furthermore, multiple scattering can bring light to your eyes from other directions and can contain different polarizations.

LED bulbs stand out for their efficiency and longevity, offering superior illumination while maintaining excellent temperature resistance. Fog lights and headlight bulbs play a crucial role in ensuring visibility under adverse weather conditions, while the choice between halogen and LED technology often comes down to the balance between cost, performance, and temperature resistance.

To combat this, LED lighting systems often incorporate advanced cooling technologies, such as heat sinks, cooling fins, and active cooling systems, which help to dissipate heat and maintain optimal operating temperatures.

Light is one type of electromagnetic (EM) wave. As noted earlier, EM waves are transverse waves consisting of varying electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation (see Figure 2). There are specific directions for the oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. Polarization is the attribute that a wave’s oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. (This is not the same type of polarization as that discussed for the separation of charges.) Waves having such a direction are said to be polarized. For an EM wave, we define the direction of polarization to be the direction parallel to the electric field. Thus we can think of the electric field arrows as showing the direction of polarization, as in Figure 2.

LED bulbs, in particular, require careful thermal management due to their sensitivity to heat. While LEDs are highly efficient and long-lasting, excessive heat can cause a reduction in light output, color shifts, and even premature failure.

Halogen bulbs are known for their bright light output and long lifespan, making them a staple in automotive lighting for many years. HID (High-Intensity Discharge) and Xenon bulbs provide a bright and white light, offering excellent visibility and a stylish appearance.

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License plate lights ensure that your vehicle’s license plate is visible at night, as required by law. Strands Lighting Division’s license plate light bulbs feature long-lasting LED technology, providing bright, even illumination that keeps you compliant with regulations.

Another interesting phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two. Such crystals are said to be birefringent (see Figure 15). Each of the separated rays has a specific polarization. One behaves normally and is called the ordinary ray, whereas the other does not obey Snell’s law and is called the extraordinary ray. Birefringent crystals can be used to produce polarized beams from unpolarized light. Some birefringent materials preferentially absorb one of the polarizations. These materials are called dichroic and can produce polarization by this preferential absorption. This is fundamentally how polarizing filters and other polarizers work. The interested reader is invited to further pursue the numerous properties of materials related to polarization.

Car lamps are subjected to extreme temperature fluctuations, from the heat generated by the light source itself to the external environmental conditions. Effective thermal management is essential to ensure that these components operate reliably and efficiently, even in the most demanding situations.

While LED technology is at the forefront of automotive lighting advancements, other lighting technologies like halogen, HID, and Xenon have also played significant roles.

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At Strands Lighting Division, we understand the critical role that temperature resistance plays in the performance and longevity of automotive lamps. As technology progressed, the introduction of automotive lamps with superior temperature resistance marked a significant milestone.

6: Show that if you have three polarizing filters, with the second at an angle of 45o to the first and the third at an angle of 90.0o to the first, the intensity of light passed by the first will be reduced to 25.0% of its value. (This is in contrast to having only the first and third, which reduces the intensity to zero, so that placing the second between them increases the intensity of the transmitted light.)

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Temperature resistance is also crucial for other automotive lighting components, such as halogen and HID bulbs, which generate significant amounts of heat during operation. These components must be designed to withstand high temperatures without compromising their performance or lifespan.

(a) On a day when the intensity of sunlight is 1.00 kW/m2, a circular lens 0.200 m in diameter focuses light onto water in a black beaker. Two polarizing sheets of plastic are placed in front of the lens with their axes at an angle of 20.0o. Assuming the sunlight is unpolarized and the polarizers are 100% efficient, what is the initial rate of heating of the water in oC/s, assuming it is 80.0% absorbed? The aluminum beaker has a mass of 30.0 grams and contains 250 grams of water. (b) Do the polarizing filters get hot? Explain.

Automotive lighting plays a crucial role in ensuring safety on the roads. It allows drivers to see and be seen, especially during low-light conditions or adverse weather. There are various types of automotive lighting, each serving a specific purpose.

LED lights also have a longer lifespan compared to traditional lights. On average, LED lights can last up to 25 times longer than halogen bulbs, reducing the need for frequent replacements. This extended lifespan saves money on maintenance costs and reduces waste from discarded light bulbs.

3: No light passes through two perfect polarizing filters with perpendicular axes. However, if a third polarizing filter is placed between the original two, some light can pass. Why is this? Under what circumstances does most of the light pass?

5: At the end of Example 1, it was stated that the intensity of polarized light is reduced to 90.0% of its original value by passing through a polarizing filter with its axis at an angle of 18.4 degrees to the direction of polarization. Verify this statement.

Automotive lights play a crucial role in increasing visibility for drivers, especially during low-light conditions such as nighttime, fog, or heavy rain. Strands Lighting Division’s high-quality bulbs provide superior illumination, enabling drivers to see further down the road and identify potential hazards more easily.

Unlike traditional lighting options, LED technology uses light-emitting diodes to produce a bright and white light, which is ideal for nighttime driving. This cool white light closely mimics daylight, reducing eye strain and enhancing driver comfort during night time driving.

Strands Lighting Division are passionate about developing the world’s finest automotive lighting and truck lights. We ensure the quality of each product we put out on the market. You can be sure to find vehicle lighting that fits your vehicle no matter if you’re the owner of a car, larger working vehicle or truck.

Fog lights are specifically designed to penetrate through fog, rain, or snow, improving visibility in adverse weather conditions. Our fog light bulbs feature advanced temperature resistance and superior light output, ensuring reliable performance when you need it most.

12: Light reflected at 55.6o from a window is completely polarized. What is the window’s index of refraction and the likely substance of which it is made?

We adhere to the strictest safety standards to deliver reliable performance across all our products. Our commitment to excellence is evident in our rigorous testing processes, designed to ensure that each bulb offers unmatched shock resistance, longevity, and efficiency.

7: When light is reflected at Brewster’s angle from a smooth surface, it is 100% polarized parallel to the surface. Part of the light will be refracted into the surface. Describe how you would do an experiment to determine the polarization of the refracted light. What direction would you expect the polarization to have and would you expect it to be 100 %?

Photographs of the sky can be darkened by polarizing filters, a trick used by many photographers to make clouds brighter by contrast. Scattering from other particles, such as smoke or dust, can also polarize light. Detecting polarization in scattered EM waves can be a useful analytical tool in determining the scattering source.

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As the automotive industry continues to evolve, LED technology is becoming the preferred choice for new car models, providing a combination of enhanced safety, efficiency, and aesthetic appeal.

At Strands Lighting Division, we recognize that the efficacy of LED lighting solutions heavily depends on their ability to manage heat effectively. Thermal management is a critical aspect of LED bulb design, ensuring that these components can withstand and perform optimally under varying temperature conditions.

Polaroid sunglasses are familiar to most of us. They have a special ability to cut the glare of light reflected from water or glass as shown in the figure below.  Polaroids have this ability because of a wave characteristic of light called polarization. What is polarization? How is it produced? What are some of its uses? The answers to these questions are related to the wave character of light.

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Suppose you put on two pairs of Polaroid sunglasses with their axes at an angle of 15.0o. How much longer will it take the light to deposit a given amount of energy in your eye compared with a single pair of sunglasses? Assume the lenses are clear except for their polarizing characteristics.

By now you can probably guess that Polaroid sunglasses cut the glare in reflected light because that light is polarized. You can check this for yourself by holding Polaroid sunglasses in front of you and rotating them while looking at light reflected from water or glass. As you rotate the sunglasses, you will notice the light gets bright and dim, but not completely black. This implies the reflected light is partially polarized and cannot be completely blocked by a polarizing filter.

There is a range of optical effects used in sunglasses. Besides being Polaroid, other sunglasses have coloured pigments embedded in them, while others use non-reflective or even reflective coatings. A recent development is photochromic lenses, which darken in the sunlight and become clear indoors. Photochromic lenses are embedded with organic microcrystalline molecules that change their properties when exposed to UV in sunlight, but become clear in artificial lighting with no UV.

In emergency situations, automotive lights are essential for alerting other drivers and emergency services. Our emergency vehicle lighting solutions, such as warning beacons and strobe lights, ensure that first responders are highly visible on the road, allowing them to reach those in need quickly and safely.

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where Io is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing through the filter. (The above equation is known as Malus’s law.)

The Sun and many other light sources produce waves that are randomly polarized (see Figure 4). Such light is said to be unpolarized because it is composed of many waves with all possible directions of polarization. Polaroid materials, invented by the founder of Polaroid Corporation, Edwin Land, act as a polarizing slit for light, allowing only polarization in one direction to pass through. Polarizing filters are composed of long molecules aligned in one direction. Thinking of the molecules as many slits, analogous to those for the oscillating ropes, we can understand why only light with a specific polarization can get through. The axis of a polarizing filter is the direction along which the filter passes the electric field of an EM wave (see Figure 5).