Of all of the above there is very little talk about flicker in the 10-20hz range. I do not know where you got this "Many have seen..." but that I have to dismiss without supporting evidence. But I know it is real because I can reproduce it in the lab. I see lots of very bad LED designs and I do see low frequency flicker in the Lab.

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The bottom line is, as I first said, it is NOT the LED, it is design flaws in the driver. LEDs do not fail very oven in the first 50,000 hours if not abused by heat. An LED's flux output degrades with use but opens and shorts are very rare. So rare Lumileds white paper makes a case that their Rebel LED will never fail in the first 80,000 hours.

The coating processes (epitaxial growth and phosphors) create significant inherent variations that impact the lumens, color temperature and voltage of the LEDs. Even with all of the R&D efforts underway and the billions of dollars spent within the semiconductor industry to minimize this production variation, the end result is a process that is not capable of producing highly consistent and tightly controlled production of LEDs. So, in an effort to maximize yields (and with a knowledge that the lighting industry has a wide range of needs), LED manufacturers sort their production into lumen, color and sometimes voltage bins.

The technology chosen provides a specific diffusion capacity and autonomy for the device. For example, in the case of a misting diffuser, the reservoir size and the amount of water provide several hours of autonomy.

There is flicker associated with all lighting. This flicker is in the 100-200 Hz range from poorly designed and PWM dimming LED drivers. Although there is some talk about saccadic eye movement where the eye can see a harmonic frequency of the flicker from PWM regulation.

LINK to HTML: 15 second MP4 video of flicker HTML5 Video Player webm and mp4 LINK to 10MB mp4 file: 15 second MP4 video of flicker, mp4 LINK to 4MB webm file:15 second MP4 video of flicker, webm

A constant current source must operate over a wide range of output voltage and maintain the current. The min max rage is used to select the regulator topology, the IC, and the passive components.

Forward voltage is a function of manufacturing process, forward current, and temperature. Each one of these factors has its own intrinsic variations from one LED to another. These variations will alter the I-V curve significantly. Yet an engineer will use the one typical I-V curve with one temperature (25°C), test current (350mA), and the typical forward voltage for their design parameters.

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Thus a LED about to permanently detach from its "flag or paddle" in the package, thus heating and cooling and being ON then OFF, needs to dump heat to the PCB traces.

Output capacitance and inductance affect the PWM switching and ripple. Many drivers do not use an inductor and just turn the LED of an on. It is like the blind leading the blind out there. Somebody comes up with a bad idea, posts it on the Internet, and other follow.

When LEDs are strung in series the forward voltages vary unpredictably. It is not unusual for a sting's forward voltage to vary outside the intended design parameters. Increasing the number of LEDs in a string will increase the potential difference between Vmin and Vmax.

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It appears that there is some common oscillatory or astable failure mode in which component values on the "hairy edge" (especially capacitors?) combined with:

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In the press you will find variations of this: LED Magazine, Understand the lighting flicker frustration and this: LED Journal, Reducing Flicker in LED Lighting

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The diffuser has 2 components: a fan and a cotton pad. Simply soak the cotton in essential oil. The fan will spread it throughout the room once the diffuser is turned on.

At about 1A the red triggers the under voltage and 3 seconds later is locked out and remains off. At 700mA the two boards will run all day.

Then there is technical papers that say nothing like this: Flicker Parameters for Reducing Stroboscopic Effects from Solid-state Lighting Systems

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I do not understand those that ask for citations supporting what I say. I read stuff I remember. I do not catalog the citations of everything I read. I connect the dots. I share that information I have gathered over the past 40 years and all I get is "personal conjecture and guesses and no supporting evidence" Personal conjecture, some, but not Guesses! There is nothing I said above that is a guess, it is all based on real facts.

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The use of essential oils, whether applied directly or diffused in the air, is not recommended for pregnant women, children under 6 years old, and people with respiratory problems.

Depending on how you plan to use it, whether it's to purify the air in your home, relax, or prevent winter ailments, you'll choose different oils and synergies. Each need has its specific ingredients and plants!

A flashlight is likely to use a buck regulator. Battery voltage rarely will match forward voltage. A buck regulator is the most efficient, lower cost, less real estate versus a boost driver. A linear regulator would be too inefficient.

Make sure to choose a labeled oil. The label tells you its exact content. It is crucial that this information is determined and indicated on the bottle.

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There are different ways to diffuse essential oils, and thus different diffuser technologies. Be sure to choose a device that doesn’t heat the oils too much, as heating can alter their properties.

Even a Cree White paper is just a rehash of the same, you will see the diagrams in this paper in many of the published articles: Cree, Flicker happens. But does it have to?

Despite the therapeutic properties of essential oils due to their biochemical components, these same components can also cause adverse effects. Some essential oils can be dangerous and cause injuries when ingested or when they come into contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Always dilute your oils to avoid an inappropriate reaction due to excessive concentration.

The I-V curve in the datasheet is typical and there is nothing typical about an LED. That datasheet I-V curve is in a different ball park than real life.

The size of the room you want to perfume is important. Depending on their technology, diffusers can have a larger or smaller coverage area.

Variance in the forward voltage is a characteristic of the manufacturing process. The manufacturers will bin LEDs by forward voltage.

Supporting evidence is not there in the form that flicker is caused by under voltage lock out in the buck converter. It is much more vague.

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Forward voltage characteristic is not just a function of forward current. Looking at the datasheet the prominent I-V curve is shown with voltage as if it is an independent quantity. The designer looks at this curve to get the voltage that matches the desired current to be used.

shift the effective value of components used in the circuits, leading to this flickering failure mode often being induced in the lighting circuit.

There is a wide variety of diffusers: some operate without electricity, others plug into the mains and/or have a USB connection. Some even run on rechargeable batteries. Choose one based on your usage: fixed or portable.

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Don't hesitate to combine the useful with the pleasant! Nowadays, you can find many essential oil diffusers on the market. The design and how the device integrates into your decor will likely play a significant role in your final choice.

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The following is an article about flicker, saccadic eye movement, and poor LED designs at the cause. How to design an LED circuit to not have flicker.

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Dynamic resistance is used to select the output capacitance for the desired ripple. In a voltage regulator the load resistance is simply Vo/Io. With LEDs load resistance is replaced with dynamic resistance. Using typical values for Vf and If will lead to incorrect results that are 5 to 10 higher than the true Ro value. The dynamic resistance is derived from the datasheet's I-V curve. The I-V curve is only one typical instance.

Atmospheric diffusion of essential oils is part of a practice called aromatherapy. This natural therapeutic method recommends using aromatic plant extracts to improve well-being and health. Some oils become even more effective when combined: these blends are called synergies. Diffusing essential oils has many benefits, such as perfuming your interior, enjoying a moment of relaxation, treating a cold, helping you sleep better, etc. Whether you're a homebody or on the go, there are diffusers for every need and lifestyle. Stylish, they often double as decorative objects!

The most likely causes would be over voltage and under voltage protection built in the driver chip or a code error when the LED is controlled by a micro-controller.

The first thing to do is to identify your needs: are you looking for comfort? Do you want to easily move your diffuser from one room to another? Other criteria may also be considered:

Depending on your habits, you can opt for a diffuser with continuous diffusion or one with alternating diffusion. The latter alternates between diffusion and pause periods to prevent your sense of smell from getting used to the scent. This way, you better perceive the fragrances. Some diffusers even offer light effects, such as a flame effect or colored LED variations. Others come with a Timer function.

The reservoir has an ultrasonic metal plate that emits vibrations at a very high frequency. When the water and essential oil mixture comes into contact with this plate, it is broken into micro-droplets that spread into the air as a cool mist.

When LED are strung in series the individual forward voltages are additive. I make strips of 16 LEDs and the forward voltage of each strip varies significantly. One strip may get mostly LEDs that operate below typical while another above typical.

The quality of an essential oil depends on several factors, including its purity, the fineness of its scent, its processing, its benefits, etc. A good essential oil must be 100% pure and 100% natural.

When designing the regulator with typical values, the input voltage will have it's variance maybe 5%, headroom is designed to be tight, and the output voltage a buck regulator will lose regulation with a small increase in forward voltage. A buck regulator designed for the typical Vo will be unable to control the current when V out max exceeds minimum input voltage.

The forward voltage is not just current dependent but temperature and varies with the fabrication process from one LED to the next even coming off the manufacturing line one after another.

With nebulization diffusion, the coverage is larger than with other types of diffusers. You can perfume much larger spaces.

Each string is connected to a LM3466 linear current regulator. The regulators ensure the forward current between the two strings remains the same.

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LED present a load characteristic that is much different than digital devices and other loads that require constant voltage.

Example this article Buck Regulators Make Driving High Brightness LEDs Easy says "You can overvoltage the switch, you can overvoltage the current-sense pin, and basically have anything from a little bit of LED flicker to a destroyed device."

Will someone "in the know" please cast some light (so to speak) on the apparently common shortcoming in the electronic design of commercial LED driver circuits which is the root cause of this ubiquitous problem?

It is possible you are more susceptible to seeing flicker. There are some neurological factors in the way flicker is perceived.

In the case of misting diffusion, the water-generated fog creates a beautiful visual effect. This type of diffuser has a wide coverage and can operate autonomously for several hours.

I have a 15 second video. For the first 10 seconds I am increasing the amps from a Meanwell HLG-60-54B Constant Current supply from 700mA to 1.25A.

Example: The best IEEE study on flicker A Review of the Literature on Light Flicker:... could do was citing another study: Rand , D. , Lehman, B. , and Shteynberg, A. (2007) Issues, Models and 30 Solutions for Triac Modulated Phase Dimming of LED Lamps , Proc. IEEE 31 Power Electronics Specialists Conference

Fan diffusers are smaller and lighter than others, making them easy to transport. They are simple to use and ideal if you move them often. Additionally, the oils are used in their pure form.

The gentle heat diffuser has a container into which you pour essential oil drops. After reaching a temperature of up to 40°C, the aromatic particles will gradually evaporate into the atmosphere.

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Isn't the forward voltage of an LED, as with all solid-state diodes, determined by the band-gap of the junction materials? How can this vary substantially from one device to the next?

I do not know where you gathered your claims on the various devices but I doubt what you describe is the result of a single phenomena. Nor do the issues manifest in an identical fashion.

The Rand study looks only at the AC/DC rectification stage points to a problem in the DC/DC with almost nothing said about what actually causes the flicker. On page 1402 they just say "Thus, simple buck derived, low cost, systems are primarily utilized after the rectifications. There are numerous IC drivers with dimming capabilities on the market, yet these systems typically have difficulty with phase modulated dimmers."

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You also say, "When LEDs are strung in series the forward voltages vary unpredictably." I think you may be confusing series with parallel.

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There are many cases of LED lights failing by beginning to flicker intermittently. I am not talking about the intentional duty-cycle modulation utilized in many driver circuits. I am referring to visually evident strobing on the order of 10 Hz. This failure mode is common to flashlights, desklamps, and ceiling lamps. What is it about the electronic circuits contained within commercial LED lamps which causes this to be a common failure?

If an LED device does not have a dimming feature it is still likely the LED driver will be dimming the LEDs to regulate the current.

An essential oil must absolutely be stored away from light in a hermetic and opaque bottle. Be sure to check how and where the oils are stored when purchasing.