The Finnish Cancer Society includes six national patient organizations. National patient organizations provide information and support to cancer patients, their relatives and those concerned about cancer.

Cytotoxic drugs or cytostatics (also cytotoxic chemotherapy) are drugs used to destroy cancer cells. Cytotoxic drugs inhibit cell division and in this way cause cancer cells to die. Cytotoxic drugs are transported in the bloodstream throughout the body.

Usually, damage to bone marrow is temporary and blood counts gradually improve. The adverse effects on bone marrow puts a limit on using multiple doses of cytotoxic drugs.  Damage to the bone marrow increases the risks of infection and communicable disease.

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Once nitrogen is converted into compounds like ammonium and nitrate, these can be taken up from soils by plants and then the nitrogen can be used to form macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Students may enjoy experimenting with components of the nitrogen cycle in the student activity, Nitrification and denitrification.

Blood cells are formed in bone marrow, which we have in our large bones. Chemotherapy may cause a drop in white blood cell, blood platelet and haemoglobin counts. The side effects on bone marrow vary with the drugs and their dosage. The most important side effect is usually a drop in your white blood cell count.

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The helpline is available at 0800 19414. The nurse answers the phone on Mondays and Thursdays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The service is free of charge.

Below we list the most common side effects of cytotoxic drugs. You will be able to get more detailed information on the side effects and their treatment from the medical staff treating you.

An interactive showing the main components of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle. Select one of the buttons to find out more.

Peer support is often important for cancer patients and their loved ones. Cancer organizations offer the opportunity to discuss online in the discussion forum.

Patients are entitled to receive good health and medical care and treatment that do not violate their human dignity, beliefs or privacy. Finland has a law on the status and rights of patients.

Nitrogen in its gaseous form (N2) can’t be used by most living things. (Plants for example, do not have the required enzymes to make use of atmospheric nitrogen.) It has to be converted or ‘fixed’ to a more usable form through a process called fixation. There are three ways nitrogen can be fixed to be useful for living things:

There are more than 110,000 of us. Join a cancer association operating in your area or a national patient organization, and participate in the important work done by cancer organizations.

With some cytotoxic drugs there is a maximum dosage that cannot be safely exceeded at any time during the patient’s life.

Seeing a loved one suffering and in pain can make you feel helpless and insecure. You both have your own suffering to deal with. You would like to be there to support and help them, but you don’t know how or in what way.

The illness can in itself cause weight loss, lack of appetite or other problems associated with eating. Surgical treatment may affect swallowing or the functioning of the digestive tract. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy can cause nausea, diarrhoea, loss of appetite and changes to one’s sense of taste and smell.

Agriculture may be responsible for about half the nitrogen fixation on Earth through fertilisers and the cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops. Increased nitrogen inputs (into the soil) have led to lots more food being produced to feed more people – known as ‘the green revolution’.

For more and more people, cancer can be cured or at least controlled so that you can live a near-normal life. The end of treatment can feel both relieving and frightening at the same time.

The use of certain cytotoxic drugs causes hair growth to stop, which results in either complete or partial baldness and the loss of other bodily hair. Hair regrows once chemotherapy finishes. Not all cytotoxic drugs cause hair loss. Patients on chemotherapy can obtain wigs free of charge from the hospital subject to payment obligations.

Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is called nitrification. Compounds such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and ammonium can be taken up from soils by plants and then used in the formation of plant and animal proteins.

After treatment, you will be followed up. Cancer patients are followed up at regular intervals. Follow-up varies depending on the type of cancer and how far the cancer has spread. You may receive follow-up care for some time after treatment in a specialist hospital and then transfer to primary care.

Cytotoxicdrugs classification

Diarrhoea is a common side effect of chemotherapy. It is caused by damage to the intestinal mucous membranes. If diarrhoea is a problem, your bowel function can be slowed down using antidiarrhoeal medication.

Cytotoxicity

Dr Selai Letica explains the process of denitrification. This is the phase of the nitrogen cycle where nitrate is converted back to atmospheric gaseous nitrogen (N2).

Scientists make observations and develop their explanations using inference, imagination and creativity. Often they use models to help other scientists understand their theories. The nitrogen cycle diagram is an example of an explanatory model. Diagrams demonstrate the creativity required by scientists to use their observations to develop models and to communicate their explanations to others.

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in our planet’s atmosphere. Approximately 78% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas (N2).

Cytotoxicdrugs mechanism of action

These always vary from person to person. Sexuality is often seen as relating only to eroticism and sex. In reality it is much broader in scope.

When you are diagnosed with cancer, the first thing that may come to mind is that there will be a long period off work. But as with many other illnesses, cancer does not necessarily result in work incapacity or being off work for a long period.

A balance of nitrogen compounds in the environment supports plant life and is not a threat to animals. It is only when the cycle is not balanced that problems occur.

Following chemotherapy the mucous membranes of your mouth and pharynx may start to redden and develop a covering and sores. Drinking and eating are painful and, most problematic, even swallowing saliva is difficult. Fungal infections are common and herpes is possible.

Nausea is the most common side effect of chemotherapy. As with other adverse effects of chemotherapy, the symptoms of nausea depend on the drug and the dosage you are given. Nausea may result in vomiting a few hours after treatment or as prolonged queasiness that may last up to 2 – 4 days.

You can chat with a specialist cancer nurse - or call or send a message. The counseling service of cancer organizations is intended for you who are affected by cancer.

Cytotoxicdrugs uses

Increasingly more effective and better-targeted treatments are available. As treatment has developed, the outcomes have improved. Treatment outcomes in Finland are outstanding by international comparisons.

The mucous membranes of your mouth and pharynx are rapidly renewable tissues and so are vulnerable to the adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs. The extent of damage to the mucous membranes can vary.

Cytotoxictherapy

Before beginning chemotherapy, it is a good idea to go to a dentist to have infections treated and get advice on enhanced dental care and using fluoride.

Legumes can have small swellings on their roots called nodules. Soil bacteria living in these nodules are able to actively fix nitrogen.

Cancer is only the genetic defect that can lead to cancer that is inherited, which means that the predisposition to getting cancer, or increased risk, can be inherited.

Following treatment, rehabilitation begins the better and quicker you start exercising. Physical activity and light exercise increase muscle strength and give you energy.

Cancer cannot always be cured permanently, but the spread of the disease can be stopped or slowed down. This is called chronic cancer. Chronic cancer can progress very slowly or remain unchanged.

Cancer is a general term for a large group of diseases, whose causes, characteristics and occurrence can vary greatly. There are over 260 000 people in Finland who have had cancer at some stage in their lifetime.

Cytotoxic drugs reach almost all cells in the body and they kill healthy cells as well as cancer cells. This is why chemotherapy has adverse side effects. Treatment usually causes nausea, hair loss and fatigue. The side effects vary from one person to another. Some of the side effects disappear after a few days, but it usually takes a few months for you to make an overall recovery from chemotherapy.

Plants take up nitrogen compounds through their roots. Animals obtain these compounds when they eat the plants. When plants and animals die or when animals excrete wastes, the nitrogen compounds in the organic matter re-enter the soil where they are broken down by microorganisms, known as decomposers. This decomposition produces ammonia, which can then go through the nitrification process.

Denitrification completes the nitrogen cycle by converting nitrate (NO3-) back to gaseous nitrogen (N2). Denitrifying bacteria are the agents of this process. These bacteria use nitrate instead of oxygen when obtaining energy, releasing nitrogen gas to the atmosphere.

As part of these life processes, nitrogen is transformed from one chemical form to another. The transformations that nitrogen undergoes as it moves between the atmosphere, the land and living things make up the nitrogen cycle.

The Cancer Society of Finland’s advice services are designed for everyone concerned about cancer and matters related to it. The advice services’ oncology nurses offer information and support.

Sometimes cytotoxic drugs have long-term adverse side effects and late effects. These include the risk of heart damage, lung damage and kidney failure.

However, nitrogen in excess of plant demand can leach from soils into waterways. The nitrogen enrichment contributes to eutrophication.

Most adverse side effects occur already during treatment, but heart damage, for instance, may occur only decades later. There are, however, effective drugs for preventing and treating adverse side effects. The later occurrence of secondary complications is fairly rare.

However modern preventive medication helps reduce the threat of nausea and alleviate it considerably. The effectiveness of nausea prophylaxis varies with the type of treatment.

The thoughts and feelings of loved ones about the impending death of their family member or friend may be conflicted. The closer the patient is to you, the harder it is to let go.

Cancer is not a unitary disease but a large group of diseases that include many different cancers. Their causes, symptoms and forms of treatment differ from one another.

You can get rehabilitation from the public healthcare side if your illness and its treatments have affected your ability to work and function and survive in everyday life.

Nitrogen is a crucially important component for all life. It is an important part of many cells and processes such as amino acids, proteins and even our DNA. It is also needed to make chlorophyll in plants, which is used in photosynthesis to make their food.

Receiving a cancer diagnosis can feel like a lightning strike that changes your life and shatters your basic sense of security. When you hear of a confirmed diagnosis, it can be difficult to process the information in the moment.

Cytotoxicdrugs examples

A long absence from work may require support, flexibility and rehabilitation. The best results come from cooperation between the employer, employee and occupational health service.

Cancer organizations is a strong and competent organization whose goal is to secure a good life for everyone without cancer and in spite of cancer. The organization offers information, support and hope. Cancer organizations mean those formed by the Finnish Cancer Society and the Cancer Foundation

Because cytostatics affect dividing cells, many of the side effects are concentrated on renewable tissue, such as hair, bone marrow and mucous membranes. The type and severity of the side effects depend on the drugs used, dosages, your overall condition and how our body responds to the drugs. The most common side effects can nowadays be effectively prevented and treated.

Organic forms are a very diverse group of nitrogen-containing organic molecules including simple amino acids through to large complex proteins and nucleic acids in living organisms and humic compounds in soil and water

You can get peer support both one-on-one with a support person and in a peer group. Peer support is available both face-to-face and remotely.

Having cancer can radically undermine your and your family’s financial situation. Even in the early stages of the disease it is good to bear in mind that dealing with various expenses, benefits and reimbursements will require some effort on your part

You can get peer support either in a small group or on one to one basis. You can get peer support either face to face or online.

Another problem can occur during nitrification and denitrification. When the chemical process is not completed, nitrous oxide (N2O) can be formed. This is of concern, as N2O is a potent greenhouse gas – contributing to global warming.