(C) A pressure tank capable of supplying one hose stream at a Pitot tube pressure of not less than 50 p.s.i. (35 p.s.i. for 3⁄4-inch hose) for five minutes.

(a) All piping, valves, and fittings, shall meet the applicable requirements of Subchapter F (Marine Engineering) of this chapter.

“Initially we had the challenge of, ‘OK, so we have this 360-degree filmmaking. Do we approach this like a traditional film? Do we approach this like a video game developer?’ And we found that was a mistake.”

Firemaincost

46 U.S.C. 2213, 3102, 3306; E.O. 12234, 45 FR 58801, 3 CFR, 1980 Comp., p. 277; Department of Homeland Security Delegation No. 0170.1.

That entrancing feeling is exactly what makes VR so successful, and Cine-VR takes it to a whole new level, Johnson, a retired Marine colonel, said. “It’s immersive—you're in there. I did two combat tours. We did immersive training, and I would’ve loved to have this [technology]. A lot of that was tactical. This is critical thinking.”

(b) In 21⁄2-inch hose and hydrants specified in Table 193.10-5(a) of this subpart, on vessels of more than 1,500 gross tons, the hydrants in interior locations may have wye connections for 11⁄2-inch hose. In these cases, the hose must be 75 feet (22.86 meters) in length, and only one hose will be required at each fire station; however, if all such stations can be satisfactorily served with 50-foot lengths, 50-foot hose may be used. The hydrants for exterior locations may substitute two 11⁄2-inch outlets, each with a 11⁄2-inch hose, supplied through a wye connection.

In 2019, discussions about creating an innovative approach to training in crisis situations for law enforcement began and led to the development of the Appalachian Law Enforcement Initiative (ALEI), (now OHIO 360). In addition to Scripps College and Voinovich School faculty and students, the collaborative effort also saw contributions from Tia Jameson, director of Ohio University’s Bobcats Lead Change, Adonis Durado, assistant professor in the School of Visual Communication, and Immersive Audio Specialist Jordan Herron. Funding to produce the law enforcement training scenarios came from a grant awarded through the Voinovich School.

For example, one of the early challenges the film crew faced was the basic question of where to position themselves during filming so they wouldn’t be in the scene.

The program aims to develop “soft skills” like listening and neutral responding. Rather than providing tactical training like shooting or making arrests, Johnson says, OHIO 360 focuses on preventing the need for such actions by teaching skills that lead to better law enforcement encounters: “Communication, ability to assess the scene, active listening, de-escalation for this particular [scenario],” he said.

(m) Fire hydrants, nozzles, and other fittings must have threads to accommodate the hose connections noted in this paragraph. Firehose and couplings must be as follows:

(f) The outlet at the fire hydrant must be limited to any position from the horizontal to the vertical pointing downward, so that the hose will lead horizontally or downward to minimize the possibility of kinking.

Thanks to this accessibility, OHIO students also benefit. “At the GRID Lab, anyone can pitch a project—and we mean anyone, even [a student] who is starting college in our program on day one,” Bowditch said.

But Cine-VR's unique presentation format and its implications for job training are only now coming to the surface. Born noted the project garners high interest when presented to job training leaders, in industries from human resources to health care. "Most of the questions we get have been, ‘How quickly can you help us?’,” he said.

“The integration of this technology is going to change law enforcement across the world, but certainly in the United States,” said John Born, visiting assistant professor, executive in residence at the Scripps College of Communication and the Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Service.

The words “virtual reality” conjure a specific scene: You don a pair of VR goggles and enter another world, where you race through city streets, battle aliens, or build rollercoasters. The experience is so immersive, you really feel like you have left the real world. You're less aware of your physical surroundings and fully invested and focused on the goal at hand, whether it’s blowing up a mothership or crossing a finish line.

Assistant Athletic Director for Student-Athlete Development & Inclusion Tia Jameson served as a member of the project's development team.

(a) Except as specifically modified by this paragraph, vessels must comply with the requirements of §§ 193.10-5 through 193.10-15 insofar as the number and general type of equipment is concerned.

Claiming that leadership position would take more than a faster rendering speed—Bowditch and Williams would have to expand their understanding of storytelling itself.

An interdisciplinary team at Ohio University is harnessing an explosion in emerging technology to tackle one of the nation’s most pressing problems: How can law enforcement trainers expose officers to potentially flammable, on-the-spot situations, so they can learn de-escalation techniques? An innovative and highly technical solution is being unveiled in perhaps the unlikeliest of places – the wooded hills of Southeast Ohio.

Born and other Ohio University faculty created OHIO 360, an award-winning Cine-VR program to provide immersive virtual reality training for law enforcement officers in Appalachia. Faculty members from Ohio University's Scripps College of Communication J. Warren McClure School of Emerging Communication Technologies (ECT), Eric R. Williams and John Bowditch, together with Born, are leading the project.

(c) For vessels on an international voyage, the diameter of the fire main shall be sufficient for the effective distribution of the maximum required discharge from two fire pumps operating simultaneously. This requirement is in addition to § 193.10-5(c). The discharge of this quantity of water through hoses and nozzles at a sufficient number of adjacent hydrants must be at a minimum Pitot tube pressure of 50 pounds per square inch.

(a) The provisions of this subpart, with the exception of § 193.10-90, shall apply to all vessels contracted for on or after March 1, 1968.

(b) On vessels of 1,000 gross tons or more on an international voyage, each required fire pump, while delivering water through the fire main system at a pressure corresponding to that required by paragraph (c) of this section, must have a minimum capacity of at least two-thirds of that required for an independent bilge pump. However, in no case shall the capacity of each fire pump be less than that otherwise required by this section.

“Chet is really focusing on mental health and PTSD and maybe law enforcement officers not knowing the full story before they interact with someone that's suffering mental health challenges,” Bowditch said. Dion “is about racial biases...the impact [a series of run-ins with law enforcement] has on him, and how different officers don't see necessarily how that's compounding over time and creating a scenario that's not going to end well for anyone.”

"We’ve been working with 360-degree video since 2015,” Bowditch said. “We saw that for the first time, VR was becoming affordable,” down from thousands of dollars for a single headset. The team successfully pitched the idea in 2016 to receive one of four Innovation Strategy Fund awards offered by the Office of Research.

Cine-VR helps overcome these challenges, not only from a cost perspective but also because of the ease of the technology's transportation and use, Johnson said. “They’re pretty simple to work,” he said of the headsets used to deliver the scenarios. "They’re user-friendly. Anybody can do it.”

The lab’s first attempts at Cine-VR were slow going, but illuminated the medium’s possibilities, Bowditch said. “Content that we captured [initially] took almost a month to render. We realized this technology was going to quickly take off, and we wanted to be leaders in this space.”

Born said the Cine-VR trainings create "a perspective you couldn’t see if you hadn’t experienced it. [Cine-VR] provides an alternative to time-intensive, expensive knowledge transfer,” as happens in classroom lecture format. “This is longer-lasting and more impactful,” he said, designed to provide law enforcement with the feeling of the experience that they may not have in any other type of training environment.

Fire main on ship

(ii) If the fire pump is in a continuously manned machinery space, the controls for operating it and the controls for all necessary valves must be located on the manned operating platform in that space.

The scenarios are named for their principal characters, “Chet” and “Dion.” Chet is a veteran suffering a mental crisis because of post-traumatic stress disorder and Dion is a Black man who has recurring adverse encounters with law enforcement officers during what they believe are routine stops.

“I think Eric was really the first to kind of recognize that and come up with this screenplay system to be able to have the full 360 degrees used” throughout the story, Bowditch said.

(4) Each section of firehose used after January 1, 1980 must be lined commercial firehose that conforms to Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Standard 19 or Federal Specification ZZ-H-451E. Hose that bears the label of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. as lined firehose is accepted as conforming to this requirement. Each section of replacement firehose or any section of new firehose placed aboard a vessel after January 1, 1977 must also conform to the specification required by this paragraph.

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The virtual reality scenarios were scripted with input from law enforcement units across the region, Bowditch said. Bowditch is the director of the Game Research and Immersive Design (GRID) Lab, which works on tech-based projects from video games to virtual reality experiences of all kinds.

(iii) If the fire pump is in an unmanned machinery space, the controls for its operation and the controls for all necessary valves must be located in:

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“Recent academy grads usually haven’t seen a mental health crisis in a home. The family doesn’t know what to do, so they call 911,” which can lead to unexpected conflict with police, Born said.

The response confirmed this was training unlike any participants had experienced before, said Jay Johnson, assistant professor of practice and director of the George V. Voinovich Academy for Excellence in Public Service, located at Ohio University's Dublin Campus. "Everybody that takes off [the VR headset], the first word out of their mouth is 'Wow.' They think it’s going to be like ‘Avatar’, or a cartoon—it’s not."

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Bowditch said the experiences of officers from the Ohio University Police Department, the Athens County Sheriff Department and the Athens Police Department informed the storylines for the training scenarios, which were then delivered to several police departments in Southeast Ohio.

(c) On vessels of 500 gross tons or more there must be at least one shore connection to the fire main available to each side of the vessel in an accessible location. Suitable cutout valves and check valves must be provided for furnishing the vessel's shore connections with couplings mating those on the shore fire lines. Vessels of 500 gross tons or more on an international voyage, must be provided with at least one international shore connection complying with ASTM F 1121 (incorporated by reference, see § 193.01-3). Facilities must be available enabling an international shore connection to be used on either side of the vessel.

Born believes this type of immersive training contributes to better policing outcomes for all. “The more experiences you have, the safer you become as a police officer,” he said.

The project received the FBI National Academy Associates Science and Innovation Award for 2023, a significant recognition in law enforcement innovation, indicating the high quality and impact of the work.

The program was first tested with law enforcement officers in Ohio, thanks to available funding and the need for training resources in the region. More than 80 percent of the officers who took the Cine-VR training preferred it over traditional, classroom-style training, said Born, who previously served as director of the Ohio Department of Public Safety and colonel of the Ohio State Highway Patrol.

"When we were first doing experiments with this, we would set actors up and then we would all go hide behind like a tree or trash can—like, the crew would hide,” he elaborated. “And always there was someone's arm sticking out, or a leg sticking out, and we'd have to digitally paint that out [in post-production].”

[CGFR 67-83, 33 FR 1145, Jan. 27, 1968, as amended by CGD 75-031, 40 FR 48349, Oct. 15, 1975; CGD 95-028, 62 FR 51220, Sept. 30, 1997; USCG-2006-24797, 77 FR 33893, June 7, 2012; USCG-2012-0196, 81 FR 48302, July 22, 2016]

Students play a significant role in the GRID Lab's projects, Bowditch said, contributing to various aspects like graphics, sound, and technical elements. The lab encourages student-led project pitches, fostering a creative and experimental environment. The program also involved collaboration with various county law enforcement agencies, including Athens, Washington, Meigs, Hocking, and Muskingum counties. Ultimately, 200 people from across the University helped bring the training scenarios to life.

Firemainsystem

Bowditch said the team learned through experimentation that Cine-VR is an entirely different medium than two-dimensional storytelling.

(i) Each fire hydrant must have at least 1 length of firehose. Each firehose must have a combination solid stream and water spray nozzle that is approved under subpart 162.027 of this subchapter, except 19 millimeters (3/4 inch) hose may have a garden hose nozzle that is bronze or metal with strength and corrosion resistance equivalent to bronze. Combination solid stream and water spray nozzles previously approved under subpart 162.027 of this chapter may be retained so long as they are maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection.

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(B) Another suitable pump capable of supplying one hose stream at a Pitot tube pressure of not less than 50 p.s.i. (35 p.s.i. for 3⁄4-inch hose); or,

"Traditionally, you would have a camera, it would be facing actors, all of the lighting gear and microphones and stuff would be behind the camera," he said. In Cine-VR production, "There is no behind the camera.

In addition to the graduate students, the project heavily involves undergraduate students working on bachelor's degree in games and virtual reality development, film, or media arts production.

(c) Each pump must be capable of delivering water simultaneously from the outlets having the greatest pressure drop from the fire pumps to the nozzles which may not always be the two highest outlets, at a Pitot tube pressure of not less than 50 p.s.i. Where 11⁄2-inch hose is permitted in lieu of 21⁄2-inch hose by footnote 2 of Table 193.10-5(a), the pump capacity must be determined on the same basis as if 21⁄2-inch hose had been permitted. Where 3⁄4-inch hose is permitted by Table 193.10-5(a), the Pitot tube pressure may not be less than 35 p.s.i.

While potential for the program is vast across various sectors, Johnson noted the program serves as an extender of OHIO’s impact by serving areas within the University as well. "Internally, we’re able to provide support to colleges and schools,” including the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and the College of Health Sciences and Professions.

(d) Fire pumps must be fitted on the discharge side with relief valves set to relieve at 25 p.s.i. in excess of the pressure necessary to maintain the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section or 125 p.s.i., whichever is greater. Relief valves may be omitted if the pumps, operating under shutoff conditions, are not capable of developing a pressure exceeding this amount.

(a) The size of fire hydrants, hose, and nozzles and the length of hose required must be as noted in Table 193.10-5(a) of this subpart.

“Those original cameras, our 3D rig and baseball helmet, have led to millions in grants to do more in this space,” Bowditch said.

(i) Except as provided for in § 193.10-10(e), a sufficient number of hose streams for fire fighting purposes must be immediately available from the fire main at all times by either of the following methods:

While traditional VR technology has exploded in recent years—mainly through the medium of video games—the technology to create a 360-degree immersive user experience, as happens in Cine-VR, is advancing at an enormous rate. The team uses professional-grade equipment to film, but Bowditch noted 360-degree cameras are “affordable and ubiquitous. They aren't much bigger than a phone now.”

(b) Existing equipment, except firehose nozzles and low-velocity water spray applicators, previously approved but not meeting the applicable requirements of §§ 193.10-5 through 193.10-15, may be continued in service so long as they are maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection. Minor repairs, alterations, and replacements may be permitted to the same standards as the original installations. However, all new installations or major replacements must meet the applicable requirements in this subpart for new installations.

Fire main pipe

(f) Fire pumps may be used for other purposes provided at least one of the required pumps is kept available for use on the fire system at all times. In no case may a pump having connection to an oil line be used as a fire pump. Branch lines connected to the fire main for purposes other than fire and deck wash must be so arranged that adequate water can be made continuously available for firefighting purposes.

(ii) An audible alarm must be installed to sound in a continuously manned space if the pressure in the fire main drops to less than that necessary to maintain the minimum Pitot tube pressures specified in § 193.10-5(i)(1)(i)(B).

(1) Couplings must be of brass, bronze, or other equivalent metal. National Standard firehose coupling threads must be used for the 11⁄2-inch and 21⁄2-inch sizes, i.e., 9 threads per inch for 11⁄2-inch hose and 71⁄2 threads per inch for 21⁄2-inch hose.

When most people think of virtual reality, its use in gaming may be the first thing that comes to mind, but its application in real life often remains unexamined.

(3) Where 3⁄4-inch hose is permitted by Table 193.10-5(a) of this subpart, the hose and couplings must be of good commercial grade.

Since then, Bowditch said the team has created ways to shoot “120 degrees at a time. We can shoot the right side, the front side, the backside separately and stitch them all together to be one experience.”

What’s really neat is bringing people in and brainstorming what they want [out of a training]... With virtual reality, the sky’s the limit.

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Johnson noted the technology is beneficial for all kinds of public service training environments, including school safety, mental health, human resources, and veterans' programs. “I think it gives those in public service—something additional in their toolkit to be better public servants, in whatever capacity they’re serving in,” he said.

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official legal edition of the CFR.

Williams, the author of two books on cine-VR, wrote and directed the scripts in collaboration with Athens Police Department auxiliary commander and forensic psychologist David Malawista.

(g) Each fire hydrant must be provided with a single length of hose with nozzle attached and a spanner wrench. A suitable hose rack or other device must be provided for the proper stowage of the hose. If the hose is not stowed in the open or behind glass so as to be readily seen, the enclosures must be marked in accordance with § 196.37-15 of this subchapter.

(h) Where two fire pumps are required on vessels with main or auxiliary oil-fired boilers or with internal combustion propulsion machinery, the pumps must be located in separate spaces. The pumps, sea connections, and sources of power must be arranged to ensure that a fire in any one space will not put all of the fire pumps out of operation. However, where it is shown to the satisfaction of the Commandant that it is unreasonable or impracticable to meet this requirement, the installation of a fixed fire extinguishing system may be accepted as an alternate method of extinguishing any fire that would affect the powering and operation for the required fire pumps.

Law enforcement advisors from left: Lieutenant Eric Hoskinson, Lieutenant Tim Ryan, Commander David Malawista, and Captain Aaron Maynard. Photo by Megan Westervelt

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In addition to tackling visual challenges, Bowditch said the audio engineers have learned to place the audio in a 3D space as well. To accomplish this, each actor wears a microphone and is recorded on a separate channel. Those recordings are placed accordingly in post-production by ECT Director Chip Linscott and Herron, whom Bowditch places among the best in the U.S. working with immersive audio.

(j) When the firehose nozzle in the below locations was previously approved under subpart 162.027 of this chapter, a low-velocity water spray applicator, also previously approved under subpart 162.027, of this chapter must be installed as follows:

These virtual reality experiences have the potential to be transformative for Appalachia, Born said, noting that challenges such as distance, small populations, and tight budgets create limited opportunities for innovative law enforcement training.

(e) All parts of the fire main located on exposed decks must either be protected against freezing or be fitted with cutout valves and drain valves so that the entire exposed parts of such piping may be shut off and drained in freezing weather. Except when closed to prevent freezing, such valves must be sealed open.

(h) Firehoses must be connected to the outlets at all times. However, at open decks where no protection is afforded to the hose in heavy weather, the hose may be temporarily removed from the hydrant and stowed in an accessible nearby location.

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Johnson said the team is committed to exploring how Cine-VR can continue to make an impact in job training, for law enforcement and public service in the Appalachian region and beyond. “It's really, truly been a team effort and I'm really proud of what we've done and continue to do,” he said, noting what's exciting to him is the project’s origin story and first beneficiaries: “It was born and bred here in Appalachia.”

Inside Higher Ed notes the use of VR technology has expanded in college classroom settings, allowing students to experience and process high-octane situations like public speaking or practicing surgeries.

Ohio University offers a three-year MFA program in partnership with the Schools of Emerging Communication Technologies, Media Arts & Studies, and Visual Communication. Williams, director of the MFA program, explained that “our MFA is designed for mid-career professionals, many of whom are returning to learn new digital skills. Being able to jump into a professional project with social impact is a huge opportunity—not only for the graduate students, but also for us at OHIO 360 to add their professional expertise to our production pipeline.”

Bowditch said four funding awards in 2016 gave the GRID Lab the funding to start working with Cine-VR. “We had six GoPro cameras, and they were put together in a 3D-printed housing. And that housing was screwed on top of an old baseball batter’s helmet that we found at a thrift store."

[CGFR 67-83, 33 FR 1145, Jan. 27, 1968, as amended by CGD 74-60, 41 FR 43152, Sept. 30, 1976; CGD 76-086, 44 FR 2394, Jan. 11, 1979; CGD 88-032, 56 FR 35830, July 29, 1991; CGD 95-027, 61 FR 26012, May 23, 1996; USCG-2000-7790, 65 FR 58465, Sept. 29, 2000; USCG-2012-0196, 81 FR 48302, July 22, 2016]

(d) Fire hydrants must be of sufficient number and so located that any part of the vessel, other than main machinery spaces, may be reached with at least 2 streams of water from separate outlets, at least one of which must be from a single length of hose. In main machinery spaces, all portions of such spaces must be capable of being reached by at least 2 streams of water, each of which must be from a single length of hose from separate outlets; however, this requirement need not apply to shaft alleys containing no assigned space for the stowage of combustibles. Fire hydrants must be numbered as required by § 196.37-15 of this subchapter.

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(c) Vessels must comply with the general requirements of § 193.10-5 (c) through (g), § 193.10-10 (d) through (m), and § 193.10-15 insofar as is reasonable and practicable.

(k) Fixed brackets, hooks, or other means for stowing an applicator must be next to each fire hydrant that has an applicator under paragraph (j) of this section.

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There are plans for additional scenarios authored by Williams, with six new Cine-VR trainings currently in production. Bowditch emphasizes the continual evolution of their approach and the importance of learning from failures and successes.

(2) Each firehose in each propulsion machinery space containing oil-fired boiler, internal combustion machinery, or oil fuel unit on a vessel of 1,000 gross tons or more—the length of each applicator must be 1.2 meters (4 feet).

He noted a current benefit of the training is in the creativity inherent to the storytelling process and being able to deliver training that fulfills a specific need. "What’s really neat is bringing people in and brainstorming what they want. What do you want out of the end of this training? With virtual reality, the sky’s the limit.”

To fix its place as a leader in innovative job training approaches, OHIO 360’s creators plan to expand the program beyond Appalachia. It also received attention from Columbus and Louisville police departments and currently collaborates with the Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy.