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Angularmagnificationformula

Focal lengths from 70mm to 85mm and above are generally considered longer focal lengths, and they’re often referred to as “telephoto lenses.” Whether you use zoom lenses or prime lenses, you can expect to see compression of distance and less distortion in longer focal lengths.

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Lenses have a large range of focal lengths from extremely short like 8mm, to extremely long like 600mm and beyond. The best focal length for a photograph varies based on the subject matter and situation. Fortunately, with a DSLR, mirrorless, or other interchangeable lens camera, you can choose the right focal length every time you shoot.

Is the distance between subjects in a scene. Longer focal lengths compress the distance, making it appear as if the foreground, middle, and background are closer together.Shorter focal lengths increase the appearance of distance between planes.

Longitudinalmagnification

To relate the limit of resolution of the eye and the resolving power of the objective, two closely spaced points in the specimen can be considered. If the two points reside at the limit of the objective's resolving power, then:

Once you understand the practical nature of how focal length functions in photography, you’ll be better prepared to choose the proper focal length for your next shoot. Are you looking for a new lens for your camera? Or maybe you want to revamp your setup entirely with a new camera? At Adorama, we have everything you need to get started, with great products from Nikon, Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Olympus, Panasonic, and other fantastic brands.

Classic architecture images of interiors and large building are often taken with an ultrawide angle lens, usually in the 14-21mm range. The wide angle allows you to capture more of the subject in tight environments. The demagnification can also make an area appear more spacious. It’s important to keep the lens/camera system level so straight lines are not distorted.

Transversemagnification

Focal length is the distance measured in millimeters, between the optical center of the lens and the camera sensor, where the light information is recorded. When light enters the front of a lens, the elements inside the housing bend and shape it so it converges into a single point of focus, known as the “optical center.” It is important to note that this measurement is determined with the camera focused on infinity and that lenses are named by their focal length which can be found on the barrel of the lens.

Keep in mind that photos taken at short focal lengths will often experience distortion, particularly around the edges. It’s important to take care if you want to maintain straight lines.

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Example Lenses: Full-format approx. 70 – 200mm / Crop sensor approx. 55 – 200mm; Full-frame approx. 300 – 600mm / Crop sensor approx. 200 – 600mm

How much of the scene a lens shows to the camera sensor. Shorter lens focal lengths have wide angles of view, while long focal lengths have narrower angles of view. Mid-length, around 50mm, have a similar angle of view to the human eye.

Exceeding the limit of useful magnification causes the image to suffer from the phenomenon of empty magnification (illustrated in Figure 1(b)), where increasing magnification through the eyepiece or intermediate tube lens only causes the image to become more magnified with no corresponding increase in detail resolution. In contrast, the image shown in Figure 1(a) was captured using the correct objective and eyepiece combination to effectively utilize the numerical aperture to achieve optimum resolution.

The result is the minimum magnification for visual observation of the finely spaced specimen detail, which is about 500 times the objective numerical aperture. This discussion applies to specimens having medium contrast, but with specimens of higher contrast the two points can be resolved by higher magnifications even if they are closer to each other. In practice, magnifications deviating considerably from the useful magnification range are often employed. For example, very low magnifications (1x through 4x) are often used to topographically map a specimen (such as a histologically stained thin section) where a wide field of view is desirable in order to quickly note all available specimen features. In many cases, a 2.5x objective may be combined with a wide field eyepiece at 10x magnification to reveal an area having a diameter of 8 millimeters or greater.

Some lenses have a variable focal length (like 18-55mm or 70-200mm) and are called zoom lenses, while others have a fixed focal length (like 50mm or 100mm) and are referred to as prime lenses. The choice between a zoom lens and prime lens is often based on preference and subject matter.

Keep in mind that photos taken at short focal lengths will often experience distortion, particularly around the edges. It’s important to take care if you want to maintain straight lines.

For street photography, 35mm and 50mm are the most popular. The 50mm allows for a more intimate composition, while 35mm will include more of the surrounding to establish context. Some have also recommended 28 or 24mm to provide an even larger field of view to give a better sense of the environment. Often with such wide focal lengths, you’ll want to be closer to the subject.

magnification中文

In a crop sensor camera, the sensor is smaller and will magnify the image accordingly. Canon’s crop sensor will effectively magnify the image by 1.6x. That means a photograph taken with a 100mm lens will be the equivalent of a 160mm (or 1.6 times the focal length).

At the other end of the spectrum, the maximum useful magnification of an image is usually set at 1000 times the numerical aperture (1000 x NA) as given by the equation above. Magnifications higher than this value will yield no further useful information or finer resolution of image detail, and will usually lead to image degradation. Table 1 catalogs the common objective/eyepiece combinations that lie in the range of useful magnification.

A macro lens, used for close-up photography of small subjects like flowers and insects, lets the photographer get physically close to the subject and show it as larger than life within the frame. Macro lenses can have a focal length ranging from 60mm to 200mm. The best focal length is the one that lets you maintain an appropriate distance from the subject.

Most will agree that wildlife and sports are best shot with a long telephoto lens, typically greater than 400mm, depending on the animal and event. In fact, one of the golden rules in bird photography is, “No matter how long your lens is, it’s never long enough.”

50mm (or the nifty fifty) is generally considered the focal length that most closely approximates the human field of view. Focal lengths closer to 50mm are flexible and used for almost every genre of photography, aside from niche genres that require specialized lenses.

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Nikon’s crop sensor cameras have a 1.5x magnification, so that same 100mm lens will be the equivalent of 150mm. Some cameras have even smaller sensors, so the magnification will be larger. It’s important to know if your camera has a magnification factor so you can predict focal length adjustments accordingly.

MagnificationOptics formula

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Care should be taken in choosing eyepiece/objective combinations to ensure the optimal magnification of specimen detail without adding unnecessary artifacts. For instance, to achieve a magnification of 250x, the microscopist could choose a 25x eyepiece coupled to a 10x objective. An alternative choice for the same magnification would be a 10x eyepiece with a 25x objective. Because the 25x objective has a higher numerical aperture (approximately 0.65) than does the 10x objective (approximately 0.25), and considering that numerical aperture values define an objective's resolution, it is clear that the latter choice would be the best. If photomicrographs of the same viewfield were made with each objective/eyepiece combination described above, it would be obvious that the 10x eyepiece/25x objective duo would produce photomicrographs that excelled in specimen detail and clarity when compared to the alternative combination.

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The range of useful magnification for an objective/eyepiece combination is defined by the numerical aperture of the microscope optical system. There is a minimum magnification necessary for the detail present in an image to be resolved, and this value is usually rather arbitrarily set as 500 times the numerical aperture (500 x NA) and defined by the equation:

Focal length is often a photographer’s first consideration when deciding what lens to use to capture a given scene or subject. But what is focal length? And how do photographers use it to create compelling images?

Short focal length lenses are used in architectural, documentary, and landscape photography because they have a wide angle of view. These wide-angle lenses make subjects appear smaller, which requires photographers to stand closer to fill the frame. Short focal lengths are suitable for environmental portraiture, large groups, and small spaces.

Magnificationformula

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50mm is generally considered the focal length that most closely approximates the human field of view. Focal lengths closer to 50mm are flexible and used for almost every genre of photography, aside from niche genres that require specialized lenses.

where M is the optimum microscope magnification. When the illuminating wavelength is assumed to lie in the green region of the visible light spectrum (550 nanometers or 0.00055 millimeters), we can substitute into the equation:

For travel photography, using a zoom lens is convenient because you can achieve a variety of focal lengths with the same lens, allowing you to you carry less equipment. Some photographers prefer prime lenses because they often feature higher quality glass and wider apertures. Ultimately, the decision comes down to personal preference.

magnification-1 meaning

For visual observation, the image of the specimen fine structure must be viewed at an angle slightly larger than the resolving power of the human eye. With a microscope having good illumination, the distance between two resolved points in the specimen viewed at the reference visual distance of 250 millimeters is about 0.15 millimeters, corresponding to a visual acuity angle of about 2 minutes of arc. This limiting angle is restricted by the separation distance of visual elements in the retina, which are spaced about five microns apart.

While the lens controls the angle of view, the field of view in a photograph depends on interaction between the focal length and the camera sensor. Full frame camera sensors capture the full angle of view that the focal length can deliver, but crop sensors can’t capture all the data adequately. So, depending on the crop factor of the sensor, a 35mm focal length could look more like 50mm.

It’s important for photographers to know the practical effects that focal length has on image-making. The focal length of the lens impacts three key areas:

Because cameras feature a variety of sensor sizes, not all models will tell you the true focal length of a lens. Lens focal length is based on a 35mm sensor size, based on 35mm film. Most full frame camera sensors are the equivalent of 35mm, so a 100mm lens will actually have a 100mm focal length.

This allows photographers to keep distance between themselves and their subjects. As a result, these focal lengths are ideal for situations where you may want to remain unobtrusive, such as sports, wildlife, or wedding photography.

World-class Nikon objectives, including renowned CFI60 infinity optics, deliver brilliant images of breathtaking sharpness and clarity, from ultra-low to the highest magnifications.

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You can photograph unmoving objects like rocks, shells, and plants more easily with a shorter focal length, while moving subjects or living creatures are easier to capture with longer focal lengths.

At high magnifications, the limit of useful magnification is sometimes exceeded in order to view the image more comfortably. This is often the case when small particles or organisms are observed and counted at very high numerical apertures and magnifications. Sharpness in the specimen details is then sacrificed, which usually does not interfere with quantitative analysis of the image.

In fact, excessive magnification introduces artifacts, diffraction boundaries, and halos into the image that obscure specimen features and complicate the interpretation of visual observations. Microscope observations are also affected by the sensitivity of the human eye to the intensity and color temperature of the illumination, the age of the observer, the presence of floaters in the eye, and whether the eye is rested or fatigued.

In order to observe fine specimen detail in the optical microscope, the minute features present must be of sufficient contrast and project an intermediate image at an angle that is somewhat larger than the angular resolving power of the human eye. At a selected numerical aperture, when the microscope provides a magnified image that has a magnitude equal to the resolution limit of the human eye, additional magnification beyond this point does not result in the resolution of even smaller specimen detail.

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Angularmagnification

Great landscapes can be made with any focal length, depending on the composition and feel you’re after. “Classic” landscapes with well-defined foreground, midground, and background elements are usually shot with an ultrawide or wide-angle lens (16-24mm range). For the “compressed” look where far away objects appear close to each other, a telephoto range (200-400mm) may be used.

For portrait photography, you want to choose a focal length that will be flattering to the subject. Try to avoid wide angle lenses, especially if the person is close to the camera or positioned off center as this can exaggerate features. For a head and upper body composition, 50mm is great. If getting a tighter view of the head and shoulders, try 85-90mm. For a pure headshot, then 135-200mm is recommended.

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The distance between the photographer and the subject, objects will appear smaller in images taken with short focal length lenses, and larger in those with longer focal lengths.

where r is the distance separating the two points, λ is the wavelength of illumination, and NAis the objective numerical aperture. In order to magnify the distance until the specimen points appear to the eye at a separation distance of 0.15 millimeters (representing 2 minutes of arc), we examine the relationship:

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