The Palisade Police Department received 12 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with an additional jaw clip mount each for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $1,564.

Philadelphia Police Department | Philadelphia, PA Awarded: 2014 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation

The primary factors affecting the performance of fabric filters are fabric type and weave, air-to-cloth ratio (gas flow rate to total bag surface area), cleaning method and frequency, bag cake formation and maintenance, and bag integrity with respect to mechanical, thermal, and chemical breakdown. The fabric type must be matched to the temperature range of the application and the chemical composition of the gas for good performance and bag longevity. Maximal air-to-cloth ratio for good performance is also a function of fabric type and weave. The method, intensity, duration, and frequency of the bag-cleaning cycles are important to maintain mechanical integrity of the bags and good cake formation. Good cake formation (as measured by baghouse pressure differential) is required for good performance of woven and felted bags; it is less critical for laminated membrane bags, which can function using surface filtration alone.

The Garden Grove Police Department received two sets of  RexSpecs K9 Ear Muffs to protect their police working dogs’ hearing while training with their handlers at the firing range, during helicopter operations and on SWAT call-outs.  The grant was valued at $198.

AL Historic Ironworks Commission PD | McCalla, AL Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

A number of new design features and operating techniques have been adopted to increase temperature, extend residence time, and increase turbulence in waste incinerators in order to improve combustion efficiency and provide other benefits like improved ash quality. They include high-efficiency burner systems, waste-pretreatment practices such as shredding and blending, and oxygen enrichment in addition to the features and methods discussed below. Considerable attention has also been given to measurement and control of key process operating conditions to allow better control of the whole combustion process.

The Valentine Police Department received six Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with an additional universal mount each for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $785.

Emissions of SO2, HCl, and the other halogen acids can only be controlled through the use of add-on APCDs, which have been previously described in this chapter.

Fabric filters are widely used today in municipal solid-waste incineration facilities, cement kilns, and lightweight-aggregate kilns because of their highly efficient collection of fine particles. They are used in a smaller number of hazardous-waste incinerators and medical-waste applications. The performance of fabric filters is relatively insensitive to particle loading, or to the size distribution and physical and chemical characteristics of the particles. They are limited to an operating temperature range between the gas dew point on the lower end and the bag-material thermal-stability limit on the upper end. A typical and practical operating-temperature for this technology in municipal solid-waste applications is about 300°F, but the best environmental performance is achieved at lower temperatures (to minimize dioxin and furan production within the APCD itself).

The Middlesboro Police Department received 30 North American Rescue CAT Tourniquets along with 30 Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet Cases for wear on their uniforms.  The grant was valued at $2,111.40.

Many variables that affect incinerator operation are controlled by operators, so the combustion conditions that control emission rates may be substantially affected by operator decisions. Poor operator control either of the furnace (by permitting temperature or oxygen concentration to decrease) or of the stoking operation can cause reduced combustion efficiency. In most incinerators, mixing and charging of waste into the incinerator, grate speed, over-fire and under-fire air-injection rates, and selection of the temperature setpoint for the auxiliary burner are entirely or partially controlled by plant personnel.

Owensboro Police Department | Owensboro, KY Awarded: 2019 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

Carbon injection refers to the injection of finely divided activated carbon particles into the flue gas stream ahead of the particulate APCD. The carbon particles adsorb pollutants on their surface, and then the carbon particles are themselves captured in the particulate APCD. Activated carbon has a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, and is extremely effective at adsorbing a wide range of vapor-phase organic-carbon compounds, and also some other vapors (like mercury) that are otherwise hard to control. Maximum effective use of the technique requires optimization of the rate of injection of activated carbon (Brown and Felsvang 1991). Studies in Europe and practical experience in the United States and elsewhere indicate that this technique can substantially reduce emission of dioxins and furans and of mercury. Also, Lerner (1993) reported that cadmium chloride is effectively removed from a flue gas stream by using activated carbon.

In a series of tests on the Marion County WTE, the EPA evaluated the effect of running at various operating conditions including low and high total air, low and high overfire air, and combinations of low load and high or low total or overfire air. Excess air varied approximately 2-fold from the baseline of about 72%, and CO stack concentration varied approximately 5-fold down and 1.15-fold up from the baseline of about 11 ppmv. Measured particulate stack concentrations were reduced around 25% under the off-normal conditions tested. Emissions testing was also performed on this facility during startup (beginning measurement when the waste ignited, and continuing for 4 hours) and shutdown (beginning 5 minutes before cessation of waste feed, and continuing for 3 hours, just after the forced draft fan was shut off). Baseline stack-gas total concentration of CDD/CDF was 2.2 ng/dscm (at 12% oxygen), with total concentrations of 3.47 ng/dscm during shutdown and 11.7 ng/dscm during startup. There was a considerable shift in congener distribution during these periods, with the corresponding 2,3,7,8-TEQs (I-TEF/87) being 0.063, 0.008, and 0.013, respectively.

thus depends both on the design of the furnace and on operating practices. Furthermore, adequate operator training and certification is needed with monitoring of performance conditions to ensure that emission targets are met.

Dexter Police Department | Dexter, NM Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Sportsmen Organized for Law Enforcement

The Inland Empire Police Canine Association received funding for a Tactical Canine Casualty Care (TC3) Training course from Veterinary Tactical Group for 16 handlers.  Each handle also received a trauma kit for the treatment of their K9 partners.  The grant was valued at $10,640.

Hazardouswaste

UTKPD received 60 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID tourniquet cases to outfit their officers.  The grant was valued at $4,214.20.

The Troy PD was 12 riot helmets and 12 riot shields for use by their officers in responding to protests. In addition, TPD received 16 PowerFlare LED flares to outfit 8 of their Traffic and Patrol vehicles to help officers be more visible during traffic enforcement operations.

The Texas Department of Parks & Wildlife, Region 2 District 5 received 11 North American Rescue Reflex trauma kits to outfit their game wardens.  The grant was valued at $2,933.

Residues generated by incinerators include bottom ash, fly ash, scrubber water, and various miscellaneous waste streams.

Piscataquis County Sheriff’s Office | Dover-Foxcroft, ME Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Maine Highlands Federal Credit Union

Source control of ash-producing waste constituents is an obvious method to reduce particulate emission, but it is impractical for most waste combustors. However, some incinerators and boilers burning liquid hazardous waste are able to meet particulate matter emission limits by stringent source selection alone.

The Piscataquis County Sheriff’s Office received one Survival Armor Plexus Level II K9 Ballistic Vest for the protection of K9 Sccy (pronounced “sky”). The grant funds were raised with members of the credit union and was valued at $1,905.

The Longmeadow PD received a high-definition Panasonic iPro Security Camera System which they installed at one of their town’s properties to monitor high volume foot traffic and the adjoining parking area to alert them to criminal activity and to create evidence in such cases.  The grant was valued at $3,480.

Particulate matter from waste combustors includes inorganic ash present in the waste and carbonaceous soot formed in the combustion process. The inorganic-ash fraction of the particulate matter consists of mineral matter and metallic species. These materials are conserved in the combustion process and leave the combustion chamber as bottom ash or fly ash. Soot is a product of incomplete combustion that consists of unburned carbon in the form of fine particles or as deposits on inorganic particles. High-molecular-weight organic compounds condense on the surface of the particles, particularly on the carbon, downstream of the combustor.

Poor combustor design can prevent stable, optimal combustion conditions. Sizing a furnace to match the quantity of waste fed to the incinerator is important with respect to temperature, turbulence, and time. If the heat input from the waste is too low for the furnace size, the temperature in the furnace may drop to such an extent that complete combustion is not achieved, particularly in waterwall furnaces. If the furnace is too small for the quantity of waste fed, the temperature will be high and there may be difficulty in supplying sufficient oxygen for complete combustion, and the quantities of unburnt residues might be increased.

In properly designed and operated fabric-filter systems, maintaining bag integrity is the critical determinant of day-to-day performance. Bag integrity can be monitored via pressure drop, visual stack-opacity inspections, continuous online stack-opacity monitors, or other continuous monitoring techniques that use optical sensing or triboelectric sensing.

The primary performance criterion for most wet inertial-impaction scrubbers is the gas-pressure drop, a measure of the energy applied to atomize scrubbing liquid and create fine droplets for particle impaction. For injector venturi scrubbers, the corresponding criterion is liquid-nozzle pressure drop. Other important design and operating characteristics are the liquid-to-gas ratio, inlet gas temperature (to avoid scrubber-liquid evaporation), solid content of recirculated scrubber liquid, mist eliminator efficiency, materials of construction to avoid corrosion and erosion, particulate loading, and particulate-size distribution. In a properly designed unit, the most-important monitoring and process control measures are pressure drops, liquid and gas flow rates, and liquid blowdown rate (blowdown is used to control solids buildup).

The Livingston County Sheriff’s Office received one Armourer’s Choice Patroller Level IIIA ballistic shield for use by their officers.  The grant was valued at $2,765.

To achieve complete combustion, gases produced must remain in the high-temperature zone of the furnace for a minimal residence time, usually 1-2 seconds. Achieving that residence time is usually accomplished by designing the furnace to retard the upward flow of gases, for example, by installing irregularities into the furnace walls. Modern facilities are configured to achieve improved combustion efficiency by using arches and bull noses. Arches, which are structures above the burning and burnout zones, are used to prolong the stay of combustion gases above the grate area. Bull noses are protrusions that are built into the furnace walls, usually near the point of injection of over-fire air, to upset the normal upward flow of the heated gases volatilizing from the burning waste. The induced gas redirection retards the movement of the combustion gases out of the furnace and promotes mixing with air.

The New Berlin Police Department was selected at random from nominated agencies during the 2010 Spirit of Blue Wreath campaign. The Bushmaster Patrolman’s Carbine they were awarded was assigned to their department’s Patrol Division.

Officers and deputies from 13 different agencies graduating from the Montana Law Enforcement Academy received 30 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and an assortment of Eleven 10 RIGID and Blue Force Gear tourniquet holders.  The grant was valued at $2,071.12.

Kentucky State Police | Frankfort, KY Awarded: 2018 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10, SOLE

With electronic transmission of such sensor outputs, the performance of the control and monitoring systems could be more-readily displayed and monitored. Reliable continuous emission monitors (CEMs) for dioxins and furans or for metals would be desirable, because automatic devices electronically linked to such devices (for example, to optimize the injection of alkaline and carbon reagents and water in the emissions control devices) could directly control those emissions of greatest potential health consequence. Such arrangements have been in use for continuous automatic control of acid gases for some time. CEMs for mercury have undergone in-use testing in Europe, for example see Felsvang and Helvind (1991).

Penobscot County Sheriff’s Office | Bangor, ME Awarded: 2023 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Jeffrey S. Parola Foundation, Guardian Angel Devices

Combustion is a rapid, exothermic reaction between a fuel and oxygen (O2). In incineration applications, the fuel is predominately waste (although fossil fuels may be co-fired) and the oxygen source is air. Combustion produces many of the same stable end products, whether the material burned is natural gas, coal, wood, gasoline, municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, or medical waste. The flame zone of a well-designed incinerator is sufficiently hot to break down all organic and many inorganic molecules, allowing reactions between most volatile components of the waste and the oxygen and nitrogen (N2) in air. The predominant reactions are between carbon (C) and oxygen, producing carbon dioxide (CO2), and between hydrogen (H) and oxygen, producing water vapor (H2O). Incomplete combustion of organic compounds in the waste feedstream produces some carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon-containing particles. Hydrogen also reacts with organically-bound chlorine to produce hydrogen chloride (HCl). In addition, many other reactions occur, producing sulfur oxides (SOx) from sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) from nitrogen compounds (and, a little, from the nitrogen in the air), metal oxides from compounds of some metals, and metal vapors from compounds of others.

The Riverside County Sheriff’s Office received funding to purchase and train a new police working dog, K9 Owney.  The agency was selected in recognition of their fallen K9 Rudy, who was killed in the line of duty earlier in the year as he protected deputies trying to apprehend an armed felon.  The grant was valued at $20,000.

The Cornwall Police Department received 12 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/White wearable lighting devices with an additional universal mount each for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $1,516.

NOx formation can be reduced, to a degree, by furnace design and combustion process changes as described earlier in the chapter. Add-on controls are required for more effective removal.

The Rockbridge County Sheriff’s Office received 33 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue/IR personal lighting devices with an Universal mounts for their deputies.  The grant was presented at one of the stops of the LEU Road to Hope Memorial Ride and was valued at $4,974.

Incinerator

There are two sources of NOx from incineration (and other combustion) processes, commonly referred to as thermal NOx and fuel NOx. Thermal NOx is formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air. Its formation is favored by high temperature (i.e., flame zone temperature), relatively large residence time at this temperature, and higher oxygen concentration.

Texas Dept. of Parks & Wildlife, Region 2 | Uvalde, TX Awarded: 2023 Grant Sponsor: North American Rescue, Law Enforcement United

The Farmington Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Minotaur Level IIIA+ ballistic shield with viewport.  Additionally, they were granted 10 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ cases to be worn as part of their uniforms.  The grant was valued at $3,139.

The Lanesborough PD received two Philips HeartStart FRX AED’s with H2Oproof cases and spare adult pads.  One unit was intended to be mounted inside the police department and the other unit was intended to be assigned to a patrol car for rapid response.

Many of the emissions data are from trial burns, which do not reflect typical day-to-day operation. Trial burns of hazardous-waste incinerators are intended to establish operating permit limits as well as to measure emissions performance. To meet this purpose, trial burns are usually conducted at extreme combinations of operating conditions, such as minimum combustion temperature for organics emission testing; maximum combustion temperature for metals emission testing; minimum combustion residence time and maximum gas flow rate; maximum feedrates of ash-bearing waste, halogens, and metals; and worst-case air pollution control system operating conditions. As a result, the emissions data in the database may overstate normal operating emissions. Conversely, trial burns are likely to be better controlled and more highly supervised than the day-to-day operation. As a result, upset conditions may be less prevalent during the stack-sampling events, and such events are not characterized by this EPA data base.

As discussed in Chapter 5, dioxins and furans are the most-hazardous organic PICs that have been found in the flue gas of any combustion device. (“Dioxins and furans” refers collectively to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)). For poorly designed and poorly operated incineration facilities, the flue-gas dioxin and furan concentrations can be much higher than those generated by typical combustion devices. The polybrominated analogues have also been found in incineration emissions (see for example, Sovocool et al. 1989).

As discussed in Chapter 5, the products of primary concern, owing to their potential effects on human health and the environment, are compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen, halogens (such as chlorine), and toxic metals. Specific compounds of concern include CO, NOx, SOx, HCl, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, beryllium, dioxins and furans, PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the total quantities of particulate matter and acid particles (which may largely be liquids condensed after emission) that escape the APCD are also considered independently. The following discussion focuses on the source and control of the following pollutants: particulate matter, acid gases, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and products of incomplete combustion. They are used to represent the pollutants from incineration that are of concern for possible health effects.

The Oregon City Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Minatour NIJ Level IIIA+ ballistic shield with viewport.  The grant was valued at $2,488.

RPD received 4 individually tailored Survival Armor MOLLE-RAID front zip outer carriers with Phoenix Level II ballistic inserts for the protection of their officers.  The grant was valued at $7,156.

The principal products of combustion are CO2, water vapor, and ash, which are respectively oxidation-reaction products of carbon, and hydrogen, and non-combustible materials in the fuel. However, when the combustion reactions do not proceed to their fullest extent, other substances, some of which are potentially harmful, can be produced. The types and concentrations of contaminants in the waste stream (flue gas) flowing from any incineration process depend on the process type, the waste being burned, and combustion conditions. Such pollutants derive from three sources: they or their precursors are present in the waste feed, they are formed in the combustion process because of incomplete oxidation, or they are created by reformation reactions in the gas cooling or APCD.

This large range in stack-gas concentrations is apparently due to dioxin formation within APCDs if the temperatures range from 450 to 750°F. The range of stack-gas concentrations would be even larger than shown were it not for some corrective actions already taken by 1995 and reflected in the test information shown in the figure, and further actions were already agreed at that time for the highest emitters. For example, at the Pulaski, MD facility, 1993 tests showed concentrations of 3,313 to 9,045 ng/dscm in the five units. Interim measures (principally modification of water sprays to reduce the gas temperature into the ESPs, together with modification of combustion conditions) reduced the concentrations to 37 to 1,500 ng/dscm (reductions of approximately 4-fold for 4 units, and 240-fold for the fifth), and then-current regulations required a reduction to less than 60 ng/dscm by 1996.

The Tipton County Sheriff’s Office received $3,000 for the final training phase for K9 Nelson in tracking, apprehension and narcotics detection. K9 Nelson hit on the presence of narcotics during a vehicle stop on his very first shift, leading to a possession arrest.

SPD received 5 fully-automatic LMT Defense CQB10-MARS-LA carbines with MLOK handguards and 10.5″ barrels chambered in .223 REM/5.56mm.  The rifles were placed into service with the SWAT Team for use on activations and high risk operations in the city.  The grant was valued at $13,780.50.

Wet inertial-impaction scrubbers, primarily venturi scrubbers, have historically been the particulate matter control technology of choice for most hazardous-waste and medical-waste incinerators. They are inherently less efficient for submicrometer particulate matter than fabric filters or ESPs, but nonetheless can meet regulatory requirements in many applications.

Murray Police Department | Murray, KY Awarded: 2018 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Blue Force Gear

The Chino (CA) Police Department received 3 Survival Armor Plexus II K9 ballistic vests for their K9’s Cyra, Kobra and Malina. These new vests replaced older vests that had expired.  The grant was valued at $5,655.

The Brandon Police Department received nine North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Cases to outfit their officers.  The grant was valued at $659.

For the most recently completed waste incinerators, particularly hazardous-waste incinerators, environmental regulations have led to extensive monitoring of key incineration process conditions, including waste feed rates; feed rates of ash, chlorine, and toxic metals (determined by sampling and analysis of the waste stream); combustion temperatures; gas velocity (or gas residence time); facility-specific air-pollution control-system operating measures; and stack-gas concentrations of O2, CO, total hydrocarbons, HCl, NOx, and SOx, and opacity (see Chapter 6). Computerized systems collect and record process data, automatically control such process conditions as combustion temperature (by varying fuel feed and air flow rates), and automatically cut off waste feeds if operating conditions stray outside limits set by permits. For example, a low combustion temperature or high stack-gas CO concentration might initiate an automatic waste-feed cutoff.

The Elmira Police Department received 71 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Cases for their officers.  The grant was valued at $5,132.

Guntown Police Department | Guntown, MS Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Sportsmen Organized for Law Enforcement, Guardian Angel Devices

Lyon County Sheriff’s Office | Eddyville, KY Awarded: 2019 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

SCR operates at a lower flue gas temperature than SNCR, and in addition uses a catalyst. Ammonia is injected into the flue gases when they are at about 600°F, and the mixture is passed through a catalyst bed. The catalyst bed may be shaped in a variety of forms (honeycomb plates, parallel ridged plates, rings, tubes, and pellets), while the catalyst can be one of a variety of base metals (such as copper, iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, or vanadium). Each combination has advantages and disadvantages with respect to catalyst-to-NOx contact, fouling of the catalyst, and pressure drop through the catalyst. The biggest disadvantage of SCR for incineration applications is that the combustion gas must always be reheated to the required 600°F temperature range after cooling below this level to remove particulate matter. The catalyst beds required for SCR must be installed downstream of highly effective particulate removal devices to avoid fouling.

The Beavercreek Police Department received 51 North American Rescue CAT Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet Cases for wear on their uniforms. The grant was valued at $3,586.98.

Fabric filters are used at relatively low flue-gas temperatures (about 280-400°F). Flue gas containing particles passes through suspended filter bags. The particles suspended in the gas streams are collected on the filters and periodically removed and fed to a collection hopper.

For high efficiency (>90%) mercury removal, many municipal solid-waste combustors and a smaller number of hazardous-waste and medical-waste incinerators have adopted powdered activated-carbon injection in tandem with alkaline reagents upstream of dry particle collection devices, usually fabric filters.

Organic and inorganic substances that are broken down into free-radicals (molecular species possessing an unpaired electron) in the combustion unit sometimes do not combine with oxygen or hydroxyl radicals and instead combine among themselves to form many organic compounds. Most of these compounds can be destroyed in the postflame zone of a well-designed incineration system. Such compounds that are not combusted and released into the exhaust gas are called products of incomplete combustion (PICs). PIC emissions heavily depend on combustion conditions, which, in turn, depend on the design and operation of the combustion device. Depending on the temperature, some of the heavy organic constituents can condense onto fine particles. Examples of PICs are CO and trace organic chemicals. (The latter can also be remnants of the original feed stream.) PICs include simple compounds (e.g., methane, ethane, acetylene, and benzene), dioxins and furans, partially oxidized organic compounds (e.g., acids and aldehydes), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

A commonly used APCD for removal of acid gases is a packed-bed absorber. A scrubbing liquid is trickled through a matrix of random or structured packings through which the gas is simultaneously passed, resulting in gas-liquid contact over a relatively large surface area. The scrubbing liquid can be water or an alkaline solution, which reacts with the acid-gas constituents to form neutral salts. The wastewater discharge from the packed-bed absorber is a salt-water brine that must be managed properly. This effluent may contain unreacted acids, trace organics, metals, and other solids removed from the gas stream.

The Cadiz Police Department received 9 EOTech XPS2-0 Holographic Weapon Sights and 9 customized trauma kits designed by North American Rescue.  This agency was recognized with the 2021 Trooper Cameron Ponder Memorial Grant because it was one of the agencies that Cameron worked alongside as a Kentucky State Trooper before he was killed in the line of duty in 2015.  The grant was valued at $5,896.

The Palm Springs Police Department received an emotional support dog named Finley (Labrador/Golden Retriever mix) who resides at their headquarters continuously.  K9 Finley was trained by Guide Dogs for the Desert and Dr. Coby Webb.  The grant was valued at $3,500.

Rockbridge County Sheriff’s Office | Lexington, VA Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

Table 3-2 lists the types of furnaces used for municipal solid-waste, hazardous-waste, and medical-waste incineration. Municipal solid-waste furnace designs have evolved over the years from simple batch-fed, stationary refractory hearth designs to continuous feed, reciprocating (or other moving, air-cooled) grate designs with waterwall furnaces for energy recovery. The newer municipal solid-waste incinerators are waste-to-energy plants that produce steam for electric power generation.

The Scott County Sheriff’s Office received 27 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with additional Strap/Epaulet mounts for their deputies.  This grant was given immediately following severe tornados that struck their community.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $3,266.46.

This chapter also addresses the air pollutants emitted from incineration processes that are of primary concern from a health effects standpoint (see Chapter 5). Formation mechanisms and emission-reduction techniques are discussed. Information is provided on stack emission rates during normal operation vs. offnormal operating scenarios such as startup, shutdown, and process upset conditions. Fugitive emissions, residual ash, and scrubber water handling are briefly discussed.

Madison Township Police Department | Madison Township, OH Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

Wet scrubbers for NOx removal are comparable to wet acid gas absorbers in configuration. They use strong oxidizers in aqueous solution to convert NO to NO2 (which is water soluble in caustic solution) or NO3-(nitrate), which is water-soluble. The exact chemistries of these systems are considered proprietary by the vendors.

The MCSO was granted 100 Individual Police Office Trauma Kits (IPOKs) from North American Rescue to equip patrol cars for use by deputies on duty. The IPOKs contain a C-A-T Tourniquet, gauze, emergency field dressing and sterile gloves in a vacuum-sealed package.

Glendale Heights Police Department | Glendale Heights, IL Awarded: 2019 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

The CPD received 13 Survival Armor Plexus II ballistic vests to replace body armor that had expired.  Each vest came with a spare outer carrier and a soft trauma pack to help absorb ballistic energy and is tested to withstand impacts from a range of Special Threat rounds that are known to be used against law enforcement.  The grant was valued at $20,969.

The Forsyth County Sheriff’s Office received 25 Walker Electronic Hearing Protection headsets for use at their firing range to protect deputies’ hearing while allowing them to communicate effectively on the firing line.  The grant was valued at $1,824.

The CBRPD received 20 Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue along with duty belt holders from Blue Force Gear so that each of their officers can wear them while on duty.  Additionally, 15 IPOK trauma kits from North American Rescue were granted to outfit each patrol car in their fleet.  The grant was valued at $2,609.

The temperature achieved is the result of heat released by the oxidation process, and has to be maintained high enough to ensure that combustion goes to completion, but not so high as to damage equipment or generate excessive nitrogen oxides. Typically, temperatures are controlled by limiting the amount of material charged to the furnace to ensure that the heat-release rate is in the desired range, and then tempering the resulting conditions by varying the amount of excess air.

The Kannapolis Police Department Special Response Team received a year’s worth of sustainment training provided by Norse Tactical, integrating new tactics and sharpening the teams capability to respond a range of threats in the course of their duty.  The grant was valued at $10,000.

Spirit of Blue supported 6 graduates of the Wyoming Law Enforcement Academy with Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue and RIGID TQ Cases from Eleven 10.  The grant was valued at $419.88.

Two concerns of on-site ash management at incineration facilities are the safety of workers and the possibility that fugitive ash will escape into the environment during handling or removal of the ash for disposal. Both concerns require that the ash be contained at all times both inside and outside the facility, as described above. In the facility, water is used to quench the ash, simultaneously reducing dust generation and minimizing the possibility of ash-dust inhalation or ingestion by workers. In modern systems, a closed system of conveyors to transport the ash from the furnace to trucks helps to minimize worker exposure. Although some facilities have partially closed ash-removal systems, few have completely enclosed ash-handling systems throughout the plant.

Veazie Police Department | Veazie, ME Awarded: 2015 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation, Windham Weaponry, EOTech, Magpul, Blue Force Gear

The $10,000 gift was given in memory of fallen officer Chuck Cassidy and was matched by the US Dept. of Justice Ballistic Vest Program to purchase 24 ballistic vests for use by officers in the 35th District where Officer Cassidy served.

The DCSO received 70 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue and 70 duty belt holders from Blue Force Gear so their patrol division and reserve deputies would be outfitted with this potentially life-saving medical equipment.  The grant was valued at $4,239.

MSP received 5 fully automatic LMT Defense CQB10-MARS-LA carbines with 10.5″ barrels chambered in .223 REM/5.56mm.  The rifles were placed into service with the Tactical Team for use on activations and high risk operations in the state.  The grant was valued at $12,995.

The Amped FIVE Professional software will allow the newly updated City of Norman Investigations Center to pursue cases involving video and image evidence that require enhancement and forensic evaluation.

In 1995, the International Ash Working Group reviewed the available scientific data and developed a treatise on municipal solid-waste incinerator-residue characterization, disposal, treatment, and use (IAWG 1995). It found that the different temperature regimes in a municipal solid-waste incineration facility impart different characteristics to the residues collected from the various operational steps in a facility. Its report concluded that the development of management strategies for municipal solid-waste incinerator residues requires knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the material, including the physical, chemical, and leaching properties.

Landfill

For high efficiency mercury removal, many municipal solid-waste incinerators and a smaller number of hazardous-waste and medical-waste incinerators have adopted powdered activated-carbon injection upstream of dry particle collection devices, usually fabric filters. As for dioxin removal, the effectiveness of powdered activated-carbon injection is determined by the carbon type, dosage, gas temperature, and gas-contact efficiency.

Bartlesville Police Department | Bartlesville, OK Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

The Chickasaw County Sheriff’s Office received 10 EOTech EXPS-2 Holographic Weapon Sights with green reticles and 10 North American Rescue CAT Tourniquets along with 10 Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet Cases for wear on their uniforms. The grant was valued at $7,960.80.

Dioxin and furan emissions can be controlled through good combustion practice and rapid cooling of the combustion gas to air-pollution control system temperatures (generally ranging from 285°F to 300°F). Rapid combustion-gas cooling is inherent in many wet-scrubbing system designs, except for units equipped with waste-heat boilers. A number of hazardous-waste incinerators equipped with wet scrubbers might meet regulatory standards without other addon control.

Marshall County Sheriff’s Office | Benton, KY Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

The Wildwood Police Department received 7 Safariland M2 concealable vest carriers with Hardwire Level IIIA ballistic inserts. These vests replaced some vests that had expired, with at least three vests going to newly hired officers.  The grant was valued at $13,090.

The Oneonta Police Department received 25 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with additional Strap/Epaulet Mounts to outfit their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional mounts.  The grant was valued at $3,046.65.

BPD received 20 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet cases to outfit their officers.  BPD used one of the granted tourniquets to perform a successful community save in the summer of 2020.   The grant was valued at $1,408.60.

The Madison Township Police Department received 16 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with an assortment of additional mounts for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was presented in person by Spirit of Blue Board Chairman Emeritus, Gary Blair, at the department’s 50th Anniversary celebration and was valued at $1,972.

Wyoming Law Enforcement Academy | Cheyenne, WY Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Sportsmen Organized for Law Enforcement

The SCDNR received eight K9 Handler Trauma Kits (IFAK’s) from North American Rescue and a corresponding number of K9 Resuscitation kits sized specifically to each K9 serving with the DNR.  Additionally, handlers received a one-day trauma training course donated by the KILO-9 Foundation and Dr. Rob Presley.  The grant was valued at $4,708.97.

Spirit of Blue supported two classes of graduates in 2021, granting 42 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue and an assortment of Eleven 10 RIGID Cases and Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches (matched to their uniform preferences). The combined grants were valued at $2,916.44.

The OCPD was awarded a grant for the Amped FIVE Professional software tool to be used by their Laboratory and Support Services Division for use in their investigations to better utilize image and video data.

incineration中文

In older incinerator systems, traveling grates simply transported refuse into the combustion zone. Newer grate systems are designed to agitate the waste in various ways, causing it to be broken into smaller pieces as combustion proceeds. This process permits exposure of a larger surface area of waste to air and high temperatures, assisting complete combustion by preventing unburnt material from simply being transported through on the grate.

The West Orange Police Department was awarded 90 Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet Cases to allow their officers to wear their department purchased tourniquets as part of their uniform.  The grant was valued at $3,657.89.

For cement kilns, analysis of the characteristics traditionally used to measure combustion efficiency (CO and total hydrocarbons) indicates that there is no substantial relationship between good combustion practice and dioxin emissions (CKRC 1995). There are two possible reasons for that. It is likely that the total hydrocarbons and CO are associated with the raw-mineral feedstock, rather than the fuel, and CO can result from nonequilibrium conditions in the kiln due to high combustion temperatures.

Marshall County Sheriff’s Office | Benton, KY Awarded: 2018 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, LMT Defense, Blue Force Gear, Magpul Industries

Common Waste Storage, Feed Preparation, and Feeding Practices in Municipal Solid-Waste, Hazardous-Waste, and Medical-Waste Incineration Facilities.

Dioxins and furans are removed along with mercury by injection of powdered activated carbon in a number of municipal-waste incinerators and a few hazardous-waste incinerators. This is a widely used form of emissions control in the United States and is quite effective for PCDD/PCDF removal. Removal efficiency is a complex function of carbon type, dosage, gas temperature, and gas-to-solid contact efficiency. Other add-on control technologies used outside the United States are adsorption in granular activated carbon or coke beds, catalytic oxidation in SCR units (which are also the most efficient NOx controls demonstrated commercially), and injection of an inhibitor of dioxin-formation catalyst.

NOx emissions can be reduced by combustion-furnace designs, combustion-process modifications, or add-on controls. Combustion-furnace designs that reduce thermal NOx include a variety of grate and furnace designs, bubbling and circulating fluidized-bed boilers, and boiler designs, especially those with automatic controls, that permit flue-gas recirculation. Combustion-process modifications that reduce NOx formation include controlling the amount of oxygen available during the combustion process, and operating within a specific temperature range. For minimizing NOx production in the combustion process, it is recommended that there be a lower-oxygen condition just above the grates (or in the primary chamber of a dual-chamber facility) coupled with a higher excess-oxygen condition at the location of overfire air injection (or in the secondary chamber of a dual-chamber facility). Municipal solid-waste incineration facilities tend to create the most NOx when furnace temperatures are higher than is necessary (higher than 2,000°F) to destroy products of incomplete combustion (PICs). To minimize NOx formation, and the formation of PICs, the furnace should be operated within fairly narrow ranges of temperature and excess oxygen (9-12%) with turbulent (well-mixed) conditions.

Atoka Police Department | Atoka, OK Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, OtterBox, the Ford Motor Company Fund

Nueces County Constables Office, Pct. 4 | Port Aransas, TX Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

Incineration facilities incorporate a number of general methods for ensuring proper combustion and reducing emissions. A steady situation with no major fluctuations in the waste-feed supply rate, combustion-air flows, or other incineration conditions promotes efficient combustion. Inefficient combustion can result in higher levels of products of incomplete combustion. Similarly, the more often a facility is started up and shut down (for maintenance or because of inadequate or varying waste stream volume), the more uneven the combustion and the greater the potential for increased emissions.

Particulate matter consists primarily of entrained noncombustible matter in the flue gas, and the products of incomplete combustion that exist in solid or aerosol form (and discussed separately later). Particle concentrations in the flue gas in the absence of control devices have been found to range from 180 to more than 46,000 mg per dry standard cubic meter (0.08 to more than 20 grains per dry standard cubic foot).

Over 900,000 law enforcement officers honorably serve the population of the United States - that equates to 1 officer for every 350 citizens. On average, 125 officers are lost and another 15,000 are injured in the line of duty each year. Yet funding for safety equipment and training is dwindling as tax revenues decline. The need for supplemental funding to protect these officers has never been greater.

The Ridge Spring Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Minotaur Level IIIA+ ballistic shield with view port, along with five North American Rescue Eagle I-FAK trauma kits.  The grant was valued at $3,259.

The first three methods listed above are effective in reducing particle loadings in the combustion gas but are generally not sufficient by themselves to meet current and proposed maximum-available-control-technology (MACT) emission standards for particulate matter. Add-on particulate control is expected to be needed to meet the proposed MACT standards for waste incinerators.

Gainesville Police Department | Gainesville, FL Awarded: 2015 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation

Bellevue Police Department | Bellevue, IA Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Sportsmen Organized for Law Enforcement

The Jackson County Sheriff’s Office received 11 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets and a RIGID Tourniquet Cases from Eleven-10 allowing them to outfit all of their deputies. The grant was valued at $781.78.

The Dexter Police Department received 5 Phoenix Level II ballistic vests with overt MOLLE outer carriers to replace expired body armor for their officers. The grant was valued at $9,966.

The extent of Pb vaporization in the combustion process is important because it affects the distribution of Pb among the fly-ash particle-size fractions. Pb that does not vaporize during combustion either partitions to the bottom ash or carries over as fly ash with a particle-size distribution characteristic of the incoming waste material. Pb that does vaporize, however, recondenses in the cooler downstream air-pollution control environment and adsorbs to the finer particles. The finer particles are more difficult to remove from the gas. Thus, Pb-removal efficiency tends to be lower than the overall particle-removal efficiency. The behavior of Pb and other metals in the combustion environment has been extensively studied by EPA and others (Campbell et al. 1985; Barton et al. 1987, 1990, 1996; Fournier et al. 1988; Fournier and Waterland 1989; Carroll et al. 1995).

The Northern Illinois University Police Department received 38 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue and RIGID TQ Cases from Eleven 10 to outfit all of their officers.  The grant was valued at $2,674.24.

Best Practices for Reducing Incineration Emissions . Screen incoming wastes at the plant to reduce incineration of wastes (such as batteries) that are noncombustable and are likely to produce pollutants when burned. Maintain a continuous, consistent (more...)

The Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services received 250 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue and RIGID TQ Cases from Eleven 10 to outfit selected correctional officers throughout their facility security, prisoner transport, and K9 teams. The grant was valued at $17,495.

Waste incineration is one of many societal applications of combustion. As illustrated in Figure 3-1, the typical waste-incineration facility includes the following operations:

Emissions of dioxins and furans result, in part, by the processes in the combustion chamber that lead to the escape of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) that react in the flue gas to form the dioxins. PICs are formed when combustion reactions are quenched or incompletely mixed. The combustion chamber for incineration must therefore be designed to provide complete mixing of the gases evolved from burning of wastes in the presence of air and to provide adequate residence time of the gases at high temperatures to ensure complete reactions.

Village of Sabina Police Department | Village of Sabina, OH Awarded: 2014 Grant Sponsor: Bushmaster Firearms, EOTech, Blue Force Gear, Magpul Industries

In addition, there are various other waste streams that may be generated by the incinerator. For example, waste-to-energy plants produce blow-down water from the heat recovery boilers; some municipal solid-waste incinerators recover small quantities of condensed metals (e.g., lead alloys) from parts of their flue gas system. The initial sorting of municipal-solid waste produces a stream of large items unsuitable for burning (such as whole refrigerators, gas stoves, and auto batteries).

Many small old municipal-waste incinerators do not have effective air-pollution control systems. Some have only a particulate-control device, often a relatively ineffective one designed to meet old standards for emissions of particulate. Newer ones have both particle and acid-gas-control devices, such as wet scrubbers.

The effect of transient combustion upsets was tested in a Dow Chemical Company hazardous-waste incinerator in Louisiana (Trenholm and Thurnau 1987) that was burning solids (ram-fed drums every 4 minutes into the kiln, alternating types of solids), organic liquids (continuous feed to kiln and secondary chamber), and aqueous liquids (continuous feed to the kiln). It was found difficult to induce upset conditions (CO levels did not change on spiking the drums with 10 gallons of volatile hydrocarbons, or suddenly increasing the liquid waste feed). The final method was to triple the feed rate (2 gals/min to 6 gals/min) of liquid organic waste to the secondary combustion chamber for 7 seconds. The transients did not change average process conditions, but CO spikes to 700 ppm were obtained, increasing the average CO from around 0-3 ppm to 10-15 ppm, with highly variable total hydrocarbons (barely increased from a baseline 0-8 ppm in one run, increased to 60-150 ppm in two other runs). Particulate matter concentrations increased on average approximately 2-fold, while average concentrations of individual volatile organic hydrocarbons varied both up and down in a compound-specific manner.

Fine-particle control devices fall into three general categories, which are filtration collectors, including fabric filters (baghouses); electrostatic collectors, including dry and wet electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and ionizing wet scrubbers; and wet inertial-impaction collectors, including venturi scrubbers and advanced designs that use flux-force condensation-enhancement techniques. When properly designed and operated, all of them are capable of effective fine-particle control, but they are not all equally effective.

The Norfork Police Department received two Conway Tactical Level IIIA in conjunction with Level IV hard armor plate kits for their two officers whose body armor had expired.  Additionally they each received a North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquet and a Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! pouch to wear on their new vests.  The grant was valued at $2,758.

Fuel NOx is formed by the oxidation of chemically-bound nitrogen in the waste (or fuel). Conversion of bound nitrogen to NOx is strongly influenced by the localized oxygen concentration; it is less sensitive to temperature than thermal NOx formation. Fuel NOx formation can exceed thermal NOx formation by an order of magnitude in incinerators burning wastes containing bound nitrogen.

Although some of the most-modern incineration equipment has been automated, there will always be a need for operators to deal with unexpected situations. In addition, automated equipment requires calibration and maintenance, and combustor parts can wear out or malfunction. Examples of what can go wrong include clogged air injection into the incineration chamber, fouled boiler tubes, a hole in the fabric filters, and a clogged scrubber nozzle.

All types of organic chemicals, including polychlorinated dioxin and furans, can be destroyed under high-temperature oxidizing conditions. Destruction can occur at around 1800°F or higher if oxygen and organic molecules are well mixed as in practical combustion devices. Destruction of polychlorinated dioxins and furans present in the waste feed stream can take place at temperatures as low as 1350°F if oxygen and organic molecules are perfectly mixed (Duvall and Rubey 1977; Dellinger et al. 1984). However, dioxins and furans are also produced within the incineration process from precursors that are not destroyed below 1,800°F. Lahl et al. (1990) suggest that, although dioxins and furans may be present in the incoming mixture, most of the dioxins and furans in the exhaust gases are the products of formation within the incinerator and not persistence of the compounds present in the waste stream.

Calloway County Sheriff’s Office | Murray, KY Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

In most state-of-the-art municipal-waste incinerators, fugitive emissions, consisting of vapors or particles from waste tipping, waste feeding, incineration, and ash handling are mitigated by designing buildings to be under negative pressure. Air is drawn from the waste-handling areas into the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with the combustion gases. Potential fugitive emissions collected in this manner and drawn through the combustion chamber and emission-control devices leave the plant with odors virtually destroyed and dust removed by the particle-control devices.

The Albany Police Department received 63 Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Cases to allow their officers to wear their department issued tourniquets as part of their uniform.  The grant was presented in person by LEU Members Kristie Kilcullen, surviving spouse of fallen Eugene (OR) Police Department Officer Christopher Kilcullen, and Lt. Jen Bills (ret.) who was a co-worker of Officer Kilcullen.  The grant was valued at $2,717.

Treatment of solidwaste

Dry ESPs are less effective than fabric filters for collection of submicrometer particulate matter (0.1-1.0 µm) but are nevertheless very effective collection devices. Their performance is influenced by a variety of design characteristics and operating conditions, including the number of electric fields used, charged electrode wire (or rod) and grounded collection plate (or cylinder) geometry, specific collection area (ratio of collection surface area to gas flow rate), electrode design, operating voltage and current, spark rate, collector cleaning method (to limit buildup or re-entrainment of dust), fluctuations in gas flow rate and temperature, particulate-loading fluctuations, particle-size distribution, and particle resistivity (less important for wet ESPs). Wet ESPs have superior submicron particle collection capabilities because they do not suffer rapping re-entrainment and dust layer back-corona problems associated with dry ESPs.

The Monterey Police Department received 5 Safariland M2 Rifle Plate Carriers, 5 pairs of Armourer’s Choice Level III+ hard armor plates and 15 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets with Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches.  The grant was valued at $12,860.

The Calloway County Sheriff’s Office received 18 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with additional Universal mounts for their deputies.  This grant was given immediately following severe tornados that struck their community.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $2,051.

For municipal-waste incinerators, EPA has summarized stack-concentration test data for U.S. incinerators from a total of 104 reports dated 1987-1991 in a 1993 document “Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42, Section 2.1, Refuse Combustion.” (available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42c2.html) Five incinerator designs (waterwall, refuse-derived fuel, modular starved-air, mass burn-refractory wall, and mass burn-rotary waterwall) are represented, and various control technologies are separately evaluated. In connection with proposed MACT rules, EPA compiled data on U.S. municipal incinerators in Dockets A-89-08, A-90-45, and A-97-45 (see http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/129/medicalwastec/rimedicalwastec.html). The EPA presented to the committee an update to January 1995 on the stack-gas concentration information for dioxin (Compilation of MWC Dioxin Data, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, July 27, 1995). That update included information on the latest test reports for 122 units at 71 facilities (there were approximately 160 facilities operating at that time); although the data were obtained by telephone and so may suffer from some quality control problems; and it appears that information for some facilities was averaged across multiple units; and some units had been modified specifically to reduce dioxin formation after the date of the last available test.

We are dedicated to the enhancement of officer safety and vitality throughout the law enforcement community by promoting public awareness for their protection and fulfilling safety equipment and training needs.

The Riverside Police Department received a single AceK9 K9 Heat Alarm System to outfit one of their K9 patrol cars and two Survival Armor Level II ballistic vests for K9’s Vigo and Ruger.  The grant was valued at 4,609.00.

The Tarrant County Criminal District Attorney’s Office was awarded a grant for the Amped FIVE Professional software tool to be used by their Investigations Division for use in their investigations to better utilize image and video data.

The Chino Police Department received funding to complete their new K9 training field with the installation of chain link fencing.  This field provides their K9 handlers a safe and controllable space to train their police working dog partners and is routinely opened up for us by other agencies in the Inland Empire.  The grant was valued at $3,295.

The Portland Police Bureau was nominated by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) due to its ability to integrate new technology by their staff. The agency designated the Amped FIVE Professional software tool to be used by the Forensic Evidence Division for use in their investigations to better utilize image and video data.

Bloomfield Police Department | Bloomfield, NM Awarded: 2019 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

The Law Enforcement United Tough Ride Division, made up of active and retired law enforcement officers, received six North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! pouches to outfit their ride marshals to be used in the event of a casualty event along their ride route into Washington, DC for National Police Week.  Spirit of Blue had previously provided a similar grant to the LEU New Jersey Division.  The grant was valued at $438.

In order to start a patrol rifle program for the Village of Sabina Police, the Spirit of Blue worked with multiple sponsors to grant a fully deployable patrol rifle.

This chapter addresses the combustion and air-pollution control operations commonly used in municipal solid-waste, hazardous-waste, and medical-waste incineration facilities. The intent is to identify, and briefly discuss, the design features and operating parameters that have the greatest influence on emissions. Waste storage, feed preparation, and gas temperature reduction (which may involve heat-recovery operations) are addressed to a lesser extent.

The database was primarily compiled to evaluate the range of stack-gas concentrations found at hazardous-waste incinerators. Although there is sufficient information to estimate total emission rates, there is no information recorded on the subsequent efficiency of dispersion of those emissions (which is facility-specific, and not usually recorded in typical emission test reports), so that it is not possible to reliably estimate resultant population-exposure concentrations.

The Winter Springs Police Department was awarded a copy of the Amped FIVE Professional software to aid their criminal investigative unit in pursuing cases involving video and image evidence that require enhancement.

WHP received 208 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID tourniquet cases to outfit their troopers and officers.  The grant was valued at $1,911.42.

Modern incinerators produce dioxins and furans from three points in the process: stack-gas emissions, bottom ash, and fly ash. Often, bottom ash and fly ash are mixed for waste management purposes, but they may contain different amounts of dioxins and furans. With the exception of a few older wet-scrubber units, most municipal solid-waste incineration facilities are able to achieve zero discharge with respect to aqueous waste, so there are no major contaminated waste water streams.

Oceanside Police Department | Oceanside, CA Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Oceanside Police Officers Association, North American Rescue, Blue Force Gear

The La Verne Police Department received one Survival Armor K9 ballistic vests for their tracking dog, K9 Tupelo, along with RexSpec goggles and hearing protection.  The grant was valued at $2,082.

Waste feedstock, particularly municipal solid waste, is heterogeneous, and its components, or even the whole waste stream, may vary in combustibility. That can make it difficult to maintain the minimal temperature necessary throughout a furnace. In modern combustors, maintenance of temperature can be aided by auxiliary burners that are typically set to come on automatically when the furnace temperature falls below a predetermined point; the threshold is usually set between 1,500 and 1,800°F at the location of the auxiliary burner, which is close to the chamber exit. The auxiliary burners are fed fossil fuels and are particularly intended to be used during system startup, shutdown, and upsets.

Solidwaste

Hazardous-waste incinerators in the United States have traditionally used wet air-pollution control systems. Recently, however, there has been a trend toward fabric-filter systems (particularly in larger incineration facilities) because of their superior fine-particle-emission and metal-emission control efficiencies and their ability to produce a dry residue rather than a scrubber wastewater stream. Wet ESP devices may be favored in the future for existing wet APCDs to meet emission-control regulations.

The pollutants of concern including dioxins and furans, heavy metals (in particular, cadmium, mercury, and lead), acid gases, and particulate matter, either are formed during waste incineration or are present in the waste stream fed to the incineration facility.

The Revere Police Department requested grant consideration after their city made significant investments in CCTV and other video surveillance infrastructure and sought a solution for processing captured video data.

Univ. of Tennessee – Knoxville Police Department | Knoxville, TN Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

Flue-gas recirculation systems are used to recycle into the furnace relatively cool flue gas (extracted after the heat exchangers have reduced its temperature) that contains combustion products and an oxygen concentration lower than air. The process is used to lower nitrogen oxide formation by limiting the flame temperature and by slightly diluting the flame oxygen concentration. Care must be taken to ensure that not too much flue gas is recirculated, lest the combustion process be adversely affected.

Grass Valley Police Department | Grass Valley, CA Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

$2,500 to purchase new Motorola portable radios to upgrade to current digital narrow-band standards, providing officers with clearer and more reliable communications.

Three possible sources of dioxin and furan emissions are the following: (1) uncombusted components of the original fuel (dioxins and furans are present in the materials that are thermally treated, and some quantity of this material survives thermal treatment); (2) formation from precursor compounds (dioxins and furans are formed from the thermal breakdown and molecular rearrangement of particular precursor compounds); and (3) de novo synthesis (dioxins and furans are synthesized from a basic chlorine donor, a molecule that takes chlorine to the predioxin molecule, and the formation and chlorination of a precursor) (EPA 1994b).

Fugitive dusts can also be created in the bottom-ash pits and the fly-ash hoppers. Enclosed ash-handling areas are part of state-of-the-art municipal-waste incinerator designs, but older incinerators may not have such advanced enclosed ash handling. In the modern systems, emissions created in the ash-handling areas (bottom ash and fly ash) are drawn through the emission control devices so that workers are not unnecessarily exposed to dust from the ash. Such dusts, particularly fly-ash dusts from particulate APCDs, may be enriched in toxic metals and contain condensed organic matter.

To maximize combustion efficiency, it is necessary to maintain the appropriate temperature, residence time, and turbulence in the incineration process. Optimal combustion conditions in a furnace ideally are maintained in such a manner that the gases rising from the grate mix thoroughly and continuously with injected air; the optimal temperature range is maintained by burning of auxiliary fuel in an auxiliary burner during startup, shutdown, and upsets; and the furnace is designed for adequate turbulence and residence time for the combustion gases at these conditions. The combustion efficiency of an incinerator

The West Allis Police Department received 60 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with an additional universal mount each for their officers.  Spirit of Blue worked to their equipment delivered before the state fair beginning in their city.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $7,499.

In 1986, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1910 regulations were promulgated, requiring worker training in hazardous-material management. Classroom training courses are now required for hazardous-waste workers at remediation sites and plant facilities. Annual refresher courses are required, as is supplemental training for supervisory personnel.

The Prestonsburg Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Patroller Level III ballistic shield, six Safariland plate armor carriers with front and rear Armourer’s Choice Level III plates and 21 pairs of Hatch puncture proof gloves.  This agency was recognized with the 2022 Trooper Cameron Ponder Memorial Grant and was selected in recognition of two of their officers who were killed in the line of duty earlier that year.  The grant was presented in person by Trooper Ponder’s mother, Brenda Tiffany, and was valued at $16,175.

Dry and spray-dry scrubber waste is incorporated in the fly ash, because the APCD is where the injected material is collected. Wet-scrubber wastewater is discharged to on-site wastewater-treatment systems, or discharged to the municipal sewer, after whatever pretreatment is required by local regulations.

The Bartlesville Police Department received 66 Guardian Angel Devices with Red/Blue strobes and Universal Mounts. These devices help officers work hands free at night and to be more visible on traffic stops and other details outside of their vehicles. The grant was valued at $7,506.68.

ZeroWaste

From a practical standpoint, the second method is likely to be the most difficult to implement because the objective of the combustion process is to burn all the waste completely. The most-reliable methods of limiting Pb emissions are source control and good particulate APCD performance.

The Texas Department of Parks & Wildlife Region 2 received 55 additional North American Rescue Reflex I-FAK trauma kits with Combat Gauze.  The previous year, 11 wardens with Region 2 District 5 received the same equipment and performed one documented Community Save.  The grant was valued at $14,635.

Dry ESPs are widely used today in municipal solid-waste incineration facilities and on cement kilns and coal-fired boilers that burn hazardous waste. Wet ESPs are less widely used and are primarily in hazardous-waste incineration applications. Dry ESPs operate above the dewpoint of the gas. Wet ESPs are constructed from materials that resist acid corrosion and operate under saturated-gas conditions.

The Quebec City mass burn incinerator (Finkelstein et al. 1987) was tested under various operating conditions, some characterized as very poor (primary/secondary air ratio 90/10, high excess air of 115%), and poor (furnace temperature 850°C, 130% excess air, and primary/secondary air ratio 60/40) (see Appendix B, Box B-4). Three other operating condition combinations, under low, design, and high load, were designated as good. Dioxin and furan emissions “become exponential” and were correlated with over 125% excess air, and also with departure from full operating load.

Wyoming Highway Patrol | Cheyenne, WY Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

MCSO received six LMT Defense SPM-10 tactical rifles with Aimpoint PRO red-dot sights, Blue Force Gear VCAS Slings and Ten-Speed Chest Rigs, and Magpul PMAG’s and MBUS back up sights.  Additionally, each deputy received a North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquet and a Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouch.  The grant was valued at $16,438.

The Beverly Hills Police Department received five sets of RexSpecs K9 Ear Muffs to protect their police working dogs’ hearing while training with their handlers at the firing range, during helicopter operations and on SWAT call-outs.  The grant was valued at $446.

The West Bountiful Police Department received 11 North American Rescue trauma kits to outfit their officers.  The grant was valued at $1,019.

Mercury emission has been limited through operator control of waste feed rates. Conventional APCDs—such as fabric filters, ESPs, inertial-impaction scrubbers, and other wet scrubbers are at best only partially effective for mercury removal at normal operating temperatures. Traditional wet-scrubber APCDs have provided moderate (20-90%) mercury control efficiencies. The most-modern facilities use powdered activated-carbon injection into the gas stream for mercury removal. The best performances of conventional APCDs are typically those of wet scrubbers operating at saturation temperature or lower. Lower scrubber-water temperatures lead to vapor condensation, and reduced mercury vapor pressure. Soluble forms of mercury, such as HgCl2, are preferentially removed in wet scrubbing systems.

Puerto Rico Police Department | San Juan, PR Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Walmart Puerto Rico, Blue Force Gear, Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, the Ford Motor Company Fund and SOLE Media: Video

Pine Bluff Police Department | Pine Bluff, AR Awarded: 2018 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue

GHPD received 54 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet cases to outfit their officers.  The grant was valued at $3,787.01.

The chemical form of Pb, the feed location and physical waste matrix, and local temperature in the combustion system are important because they affect the extent to which Pb is vaporized in the combustion process. Volatile forms of Pb, such as PbCl2, might vaporize completely in the combustion process, whereas nonvolatile species, such as PbO, tend to partition to the bottom ash in the primary combustion chamber. Pb in liquid wastes fed through burners is exposed to flame temperatures and is, thus, more likely to vaporize than Pb in solid wastes. Pb in combustible solid wastes (e.g., paper or plastics) will vaporize to a greater extent than Pb in mostly noncombustible items, such as glass. The combustion-chamber temperature profile also affects the vapor pressure and degree of volatilization of the Pb species.

The Montana Law Enforcement Academy trained 69 law enforcement officers in 2023 from agencies who did not issue tourniquets.  Each of those graduates received a North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquet and their choice of a Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouch or Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Case for wear on their uniform.  The grant was valued at $5,512.

The CPD received 37 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue to outfit all of their sworn officers.  Their officers have already performed two documented Community Saves with the equipment.  The grant was valued at $1,122.

Mercury emission from waste combustors is determined largely by the mercury feed rate and by whether mercury-specific APCDs are used. Virtually all mercury species found in wastes are volatile at combustion temperatures, so there is a high degree of partitioning to the gas phase, regardless of the chemical form of mercury or the combustion-system operating conditions. There is evidence that mercury is present primarily as elemental mercury vapor at incinerator combustion temperatures. The rate of cooling in the air pollution system and the HCl/Cl2 concentrations in the gas affect the conversion of elemental mercury to water-soluble mercuric chloride (Gaspar et al. 1997; Chambers et al. 1998; Gaspar 1998).

Stack-gas testing is usually performed under relatively steady-state, relatively normal conditions. For hazardous-waste incinerators, stack tests required in the permitting process are designed to be at the outer limits of normal operations, an approach that might result in higher-than-average emissions. However, there is always the option for stack testing under normal operating conditions (i.e., during normal plant operations), and this option has been used to develop emission estimates for use in evaluating average emissions for risk assessment purposes. Both types of testing are likely to miss periods of off-normal operation, including upsets, malfunctions, startups, and shutdowns. The last three terms have regulatory definitions (40 CFR 60), malfunctions specifically referring to sudden and unavoidable failures (not caused in whole or part by poor maintenance, careless operation, or other preventable upset conditions or preventable equipment breakdown).

For several types of incinerators, measured emissions have been compiled for the purposes of selecting allowable emissions under regulatory standards. EPA compiled a database (dated February 1996) containing the results of hazardous-waste combustor trial burns and facility operating and design characteristics as part of the development of the April 1996 proposed “Maximum Achievable Control Technology” (MACT) standards for hazardous-waste combustors (Fed. Regist. 61 (April 19): 17358). The database contained information from hazardous-waste facilities in three source categories: incinerators, cement kilns, and lightweight-aggregate kilns. The database also contained data on boilers, although the last were not subject to the proposed rule. However, test data are not available for all pollutants from all of these sources. The database was updated in December 1996 to correct entries and add new test data (Fed. Regist. 62(Jan. 7, 1997):960), so that it contains information on 122 incinerators, 43 cement kilns, and 17 lightweight-aggregate kilns. Not all these facilities burn hazardous waste, so not all were used in setting MACT standards (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/combust/v1 4tsds.htm gives access to a Portable Document File version of the database; the committee believes that a version in Paradox database format is also available). This test database remains the most extensive published source of emissions data for hazardous-waste combustors in the United States. However, there are certain limitations to these data that should be noted.

The Santa Ana Police Department received one AceK9 Heat Alarm Pro heat alarm system.  The alarm is designed to alert the handler in the event the temperature in the car reaches unsafe levels for the dog.  The grant was valued at $839.

The Foster Township Police Department received 12 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ cases for their officers to wear as part of their uniform.  The grant was valued at $869.

Before the 1980s, there were no uniform national standards for hazardous-waste combustor maintenance or worker-training. The extent and adequacy of maintenance and worker training programs were company-specific and site-specific.

Port St. Lucie Police Department | Port St. Lucie, FL Awarded: 2023 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

The Waterville Police Department received one large training mat, 10 ASP Baton training kits and eight Macho Dyna sparring kits to assist their officers conduct in-house mechanics of arrest, restraint, and control training.  They also received 32 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Cases for their officers. This grant was designated as the  2022 Trooper Jeffrey S. Parola Memorial Grant, which is awarded in the State of Maine each year.  The grant was presented in person by Trooper Parola’s parents, younger brother and nephew and was valued at $6,953.

DPD was selected as the 2019 Trooper Jeffrey S. Parola Memorial Grant recipient and received 10 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches to outfit their officers.  Additionally they received a K9 vehicle heat alarm system for the welfare of their K9 police working dog.  The grant was valued at $1,911.42.

The predominant hazardous-waste incinerator designs are liquid-injection furnaces and rotary kilns. Hazardous wastes are also burned in cement kilns, light-weight aggregate kilns, industrial boilers, halogen-acid recovery furnaces, and sulfuric-acid regeneration furnaces.

In addition, the extent of emission control achieved by post-combustion APCDs depends on how the devices are operated. Suboptimal operation can be caused by poorly trained or inattentive operators, faulty procedures, and equipment failure. Operators must be attentive to the flow rate of waste into the incinerator and furnace operation so as to allow for effective function of APCDs.

Scooba Police Department | Scooba, MS Awarded: 2018 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Survival Armor, Blue Force Gear

The Orange County Police Canine Association received funding for a Tactical Canine Casualty Care training course put on by Veterinary Tactical Group. 21 Officers and deputies from 7 agencies attended the training and each received a trauma kit for their dog upon completing the course.  The grant was valued at $16,625.

6 months of Police/Youth Dialogue training to aid officers in interacting with minority youth in their community. Development of training curriculum for program expansion nationwide.

The Calloway County Sheriff’s Office received 16 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with additional Universal mounts for their deputies.  This grant was given immediately following severe tornados that struck their community.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $1,828.

Atchison County Sheriff’s Office | Atchison, KS Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue

The Penobscot County Sheriff’s Office received 29 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with additional strap/epaulet mounts for each of their deputies.  This grant was designated as the 2023 Trooper Jeffrey S. Parola Memorial Grant, which is awarded in the State of Maine each year.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was presented in person by Trooper Parola’s parents and was valued at $4,426.

The Flowery Branch Police Department received 20 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American along with RIGID TQ Cases with Matte Black finish from Eleven 10 to outfit their officers.  The grant was valued at $1,449.

The Payne County Sheriff’s Office 46 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Cases to be worn as part of their uniforms.  The grant was valued at $3,980.

The design of the furnace is critical to optimal combustion. Furnace configurations depend on what they were designed to burn. Older designs, many of which are still used, do not generally permit as efficient combustion as newer designs.

For medical-waste incinerators, EPA has estimated emission factors based on a limited number of emission tests as reported in a memorandum (EPA 1996a). This document cites the reports for the emissions tests used, but does not list the test results In addition, the stack-gas concentration information was given only in summary form in the report, although stack flow-rates are given for some facilities. As a result, it is impossible to estimate facility-specific total emission rates or resultant population-exposure concentrations, although an attempt was made to estimate total national dioxin emissions using these (and other) data (National Dioxin Emissions from Medical-Waste Incinerators, Item IV-A-7 in docket A-91-61 at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/129/hmiwi/rihmiwi.html).

RCRA regulations for hazardous-waste incinerators require continuous monitoring of important air-pollution control-system operating conditions, including pressure drops across venturi scrubbers, pH of acid-gas absorber scrubbing solutions, voltage or power supplied to electrostatic collectors, and fabric-filter pressure drops or triboelectric sensor readings. 1 Stack-gas monitors are often used to monitor the performance of the air-pollution control system directly for such measures as HCl, SO2, NOx, and opacity.

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Packed bed absorbers have been used for decades in the United States, primarily in hazardous-waste and medical-waste incineration applications. They have been used in Europe for municipal solid-waste applications. The European installations include duel-stage wet absorbers, in which the first stage is operated with an acidic scrubber liquid and the second stage is operated with an alkaline scrubber liquid. Acid gases, such as HCl, that are highly water soluble are largely collected in the first stage. Acid gases, such as SO2, that are not very water soluble are effectively collected in the second, alkaline stage.

The Port St. Lucie Police Department received 211 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with an additional universal mount each for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $25,737.

For complete combustion to occur, air must be injected into the furnace in at least two locations: under the grate that carries burning waste (primary or underfire air) and above the grate to mix additional oxygen with the combustion gases (secondary or over-fire air). Additional controls have been provided in modern municipal solid-waste incinerators to better regulate both the under-fire air at various points on the grate, depending upon burning conditions, and the over-fire air in response to temperature and heat transfer taking place in the furnace. In such advanced systems, primary air is injected into the drying, burning, and burnout zones of the grate, with a separate system for secondary air. Control may be effected by manual or automatic adjustments to dampers. The latter method is preferred, because it allows for automatic control loops with continuous monitoring devices. The temperature and oxygen needs of the furnace can be controlled by adjusting the quantity of primary and secondary air entering the furnace. In plants built before the middle 1980s, particularly those with holes in the furnace walls, the entry of primary and secondary air is not as well controlled, and the excess-air rates required for adequate combustion can be several times the amount that would be required with a more modern design. This can result in larger volumes of flue gas to be treated for contaminant removal, and reduced efficiency of utilization of the exhaust heat.

The Hartford refuse-derived fuel facility was tested to determine generation of trace organics and metals in the furnace under different process operating conditions (EPA 1994c) (see Appendix B, Box B-6). Steam flow rate (an indicator of load) and combustion air flow rates/distributions were the primary independent variables defining operating conditions as “good,” “poor,” and “very poor.” Dioxins, furans, CO, total hydrocarbons, PCBs, chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, and PAHs were measured. Multiple-regression models were developed to evaluate the effect of various continuously monitored emission and process parameters on dioxin emissions (prediction models) and the effect of various combustion control measures on dioxin emissions (control models). The best prediction model showed that CO, NOx, moisture in the flue gas at the spray-dryer inlet, and furnace temperature explained 93% of the variation in uncontrolled dioxin emissions, with CO explaining 79% by itself. The best control model showed that refuse-derived fuel moisture, rear wall overfire air, underfire air flow, and total air explained 67% of the variation in uncontrolled dioxin emissions. Since CO was found to be such a strong predictor of dioxin emissions, the relationship was explored further. It was found that the fraction of time the CO level was over 400 ppm was quite strongly correlated to the amount of uncontrolled dioxins generated, particularly when examining only those runs where there was poor combustion.

In addition to the composition of the waste feed stream and the design and operation of the combustion chamber, a major influence on the emissions from waste-incineration facilities is their air-pollution control devices. Particulate matter can be controlled with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, or wet inertial scrubbers. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be controlled with wet scrubbers, spray dryer absorbers, or (to a lesser extent) dry-sorbent injection and downstream bag filters. NOx can be controlled, in part, with combustion-process modification and with ammonia or urea injection through selective or nonselective catalytic reduction. Concentrations of dioxins and mercury can be reduced substantially by injecting activated carbon into the flue gas, or by passing the flue gas through a carbon sorbent bed, which adsorbs the trace gaseous constituents and mercury.

Longmeadow Police Department | Longmeadow, MA Awarded: 2017 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation

Lanesborough Police Department | Lanesborough, PA Awarded: 2015 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has developed a certification guideline for hazardous waste-incinerator operators.

With an aging group of officers, and concerns of cardiac arrest occurring during training or a police incident, a Philips HeartStart OnSite AED was granted for placement in a patrol car to serve officers in the case of emergency.

HBPD received a single Protech Intruder G2 Level IIIA ballistic shield with LED light package for us on critical incident responses and warrant services.  The grant was valued at $4,412.47.

The Glenwood Police Department received 11 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue personal lighting devices with an assortment of additional mounts for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $1,638.

The Norristown Police Department received three trauma kits and one JETT Tourniquet to outfit their officers in the event of a traumatic incident.  The grant was valued at $2,515.

PBPD received 128 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches.  This provided one tourniquet for each of their officers.  The grant was valued at $7,598.20.

The important design and operating criteria for wet acid-gas absorbers are gas velocity, liquid-to-gas ratio, packing mass transfer characteristics, pH of the scrubbing liquid, and materials of construction (to prevent corrosion).

The Grass Valley Police Department received 25 Guardian Angel personal lighting devices to outfit all of their officers, along with a set of Universal Clip Mounts to accompany each unit.  The grant was valued at $2,853.97.

Wasteincineration plant

National Research Council (US) Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration. Waste Incineration & Public Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000.

Scott County Sheriff’s Office | Georgetown, KY Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

BMPD received 20 Samsung Galaxy A51 5G smart phones and 20 OtterBox Symmetry protective phone cases to enhance communications and technology access for their officers.  T-Mobile provided 10 years of unlimited talk, text and data through their Connected Heroes program (not included in value).  The grant was valued at $11,998.80.

During shutdowns, bag integrity can be checked by visual examination of the clean-gas plenum for localized dust buildup. More-sensitive techniques involve the use of fluorescent submicrometer powder and black-light examination of the plenum.

The Veazie PD received two AR-15 style patrol rifles, two holographic weapon sights, two sets of back up sights, ten 30-round ammunition magazines, two weapon slings and two chest rigs to outfit their two patrol cars with fully serviceable patrol rifles.

Manatee County Sheriff’s Office | Bradenton, FL Awarded: 2019 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10

In recent years, municipal solid-waste and a few larger hazardous-waste and medical-waste incineration facilities have used spray-dryer scrubbers for acid-gas control. The spray dryers use slurries of lime, sodium carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate as the alkaline reagent. The water in the atomized slurry droplets evaporates, cooling the gas, and the alkali particles react with the acid-gas constituents to form dry salts. The salts and unreacted alkali must be captured in a downstream fabric filter or electrostatic precipitator. Dry-injection scrubbers, which use an alkaline reagent without water, have also been used in recent years, although only rarely in United States municipal-waste, hazardous-waste, and medical-waste incinerators. They are typically not as efficient as spray-dryer absorbers at removing emissions. The important design and operating criteria for spray-dryer absorbers and dry-alkali scrubbers include gas temperature in the reagent contacting zone, reagent-to-acid gas stoichiometry, reagent distribution in the gas, and reagent type.

The Cripple Creek Sheriff’s Office received nine C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue along with RIGID TQ Cases with Basketweave finish from Eleven 10 to outfit their deputies.  The grant was valued at $657.

The Porterville Police Department received two K9 Level II ballistic vests from Survival Armor for K9’s Enzo and Neith.  The grant was valued at $3,835.

The Trooper Joseph Cameron Ponder Memorial Grant included 1,000 Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and 1,000 RIGID TQ Cases with High Gloss and ShieldShield attachments.  These will be provided to all Troopers and Officers of the Kentucky State Police and is valued at $83,970.

Optimal design and operation of a furnace requires attention to incineration temperature, turbulence of the gas mixture being combusted, and gas-residence time at the incineration temperature. To achieve efficient combustion, every part of the gas stream must reach an adequately high temperature for a sufficient period of time, and there must be adequate mixture of fuel and oxygen.

SPD received 14 concealable Survival Armor Plexus Level II ballistic vests, alnog with 14 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches to outfit their officers.  In the 96 year history of this department they had never before had issued body armor.  The grant was valued at $23,420.22.

The Powhatan County Sheriff’s Office received 50 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 TQ Cases to outfit their deputies as part of their uniform.  The grant was valued at $3,617.

Medical wastes are burned in fixed-hearth incinerators, with the primary chamber operated in the starved-air mode (newer “controlled air” designs) or excess air mode (older Incinerator Institute of America (IIA) design). Both designs incorporate secondary, afterburner chambers. The smallest medical-waste incinerators are single-chamber, batch-operated devices.

ALHICPD received 7 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID tourniquet cases to outfit their officers.  The grant was valued at $497.79.

The SWPD was granted 45 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue to equip their officers on patrol duty in the event of a traumatic injury. Additionally, they were granted 12 Streamlight LED Strion flashlights for their patrol division.

Dioxins and furans, as well as mercury, are removed by injection of powdered activated carbon in a number of municipal-waste incinerators and a few hazardous-waste incinerators.

The Luray Police Department received 14 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue and RIGID TQ Cases from Eleven 10 to outfit all of their officers. The grant was valued at $986.72.

The application of improved combustor designs, operating practices, and air-pollution control equipment and changes in waste feed stream composition have resulted in a dramatic decrease in the emissions that used to characterize uncontrolled incineration facilities. For example, emission of dioxins from uncontrolled incinerators exceeded 200 nanograms/TEQ per dry standard cubic meter (200 ng/TEQ-dscm) in a number of commercial units. It has been reduced to below 0.1 ng/TEQ-dscm in many modern units. Rates of emission of mercury have decreased, at least in part, as a consequence of changes in the waste feed streams resulting from the elimination of mercury in some waste stream components, such as alkaline batteries.

The Cicero PD received three patrol rifle packages complete with LMT CQB16 rifles, EOTech Model 517 HWS, Magpul MBUS sights and five PMAG’s, and Blue Force Gear Ten-Speed Chest Rigs and VCAS slings. This grant constituted the beginning of their patrol rifle program for the protection of their officers and service to their community.  The grant was valued at $9,065.

The Greenfield Police Department received 64 Guardian Angel personal lighting devices with Red/Blue strobe along with additional Universal Mounts.  The grant was valued at $4,159.

Greenfield Police Department | Greenfield, WI Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

Acid gases are flue-gas constituents that form acids when they combine with water vapor, condense, or dissolve in water. Acid gases include NOx, SOx, HCl, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen iodide. HCl and SO2 are often present in uncontrolled flue-gas streams in concentrations ranging from several hundred to several thousand parts-per-million-by-volume. The concentrations of NOx, hydrogen fluoride, and sulfur trioxide are typically below several hundred parts-per-million-by-volume. Free halogens such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine can also be produced at low concentrations from combustion of wastes that contain compounds of those elements.

Fly ash from municipal-waste incineration is characteristically more likely than bottom ash to exhibit the toxicity characteristic as defined by the RCRA leaching test as a result of high concentrations of lead or cadmium. Since 1994, it has been required that municipal-incinerator ash be tested to determine whether it is hazardous. If it is hazardous according to RCRA definitions, it must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

The committee has identified specific best practices for reducing incineration emissions primarily from municipal solid-waste incineration; see Box 3-1.

The design and operation of the primary combustion chamber as they affect ash carryover and the design and operation of the APCD also influence Pb emissions. The principles are the same as those described earlier for particulate-matter emission control.

A few designs use steam injection or scrubber-liquid subcooling to enhance flux force and condensation. For those designs, steam-nozzle pressure and scrubber-liquid temperature are additional useful monitoring measures.

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West Bountiful Police Department | West Bountiful, UT Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue

Other processes for mercury removal are granular activated-carbon filtration in fixed-bed reactors, selenium porous-media filter, gold-amalgamation filter beds, sodium sulfide injection, and wet scrubbing with mercury-reactive solutions. None of those techniques is used commercially in the United States, but fixed-bed carbon adsorbers used in Europe often produce mercury and dioxin removal efficiencies that are higher than conventional technologies used alone (e.g., scrubber/fabric filter with injection of activated carbon).

Scrubber water is a slurry that results from the operation of wet scrubbers and contains salts, excess caustic or lime, and contaminants (particles and condensed organic vapors) scrubbed from the flue gas.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations impose federal requirements for inspection plans and worker-training plans for all facilities that manage hazardous waste, including combustion facilities. The inspection plans address facility maintenance, leak inspections, and calibration schedules for monitoring equipment. The training plans are intended to address hazardous-material safety and facility operations.

The Watertown Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Patroller Level III ballistic shield with view port for the protection of their officers on critical incidents.  The grant was valued at $6,762.

Graves County Sheriff’s Office | Mayfield, KY Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

The Dunbarton Police Department received nine Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with an additional jaw clip mount each for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $1,175.

Central City Police Department | Central City, KY Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Blue Force Gear

Most hazardous-waste and medical-waste incinerators, particularly the smaller units, do not have heat-recovery boilers. Combustion gases are quenched by water sprays atomized into the hot gas flow. Other, less common, gas-temperature reduction methods include air-to-gas heat exchangers and direct gas tempering with air.

The Bellevue Police Department received 10 Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets from North American Rescue along with RIGID cases from Eleven 10 to be worn as part of their uniform.  The grant was valued at $708.80.

The Beaverton PD received $2,500 toward the purchase of their newest K9 who will hit the road, with his handler OFC Barrington, in Mid-March 2016. K9 Atlas is trained in tracking and article search in addition to handler protection.

The grant consideration process takes into account an agency’s officer safety need, their ability to utilize the granted equipment or training and their funding situation.  In order to be considered for future grants, agencies can enroll for consideration on our Grant Enrollment page.

Monroe County Sheriff’s Office | Rochester, NY Awarded: 2015 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation

The most common management method for ash generated by municipal solid-waste incineration is landfill disposal, either commingled with municipal solid waste or alone in an ash monofill, although some ash is used in production on construction materials, roadbeds, or experimental reefs.

LCSO was selected as the 2019 Trooper Cameron Ponder Memorial Grant recipient and received 10 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet cases to outfit their deputies.  The grant was valued at $7,969.70.

Turbulence is needed to provide adequate contact between the combustible gases and oxygen across the combustion chamber (macroscale mixing) and at the molecular level (microscale mixing). Proper operation is indicated when there is sufficient oxygen present in the furnace, and the gases are highly mixed. Cool spots can occur next to the furnace's walls; where heat is first extracted from the combustion process. Such cool spots on walls are more substantial in waterwall furnaces than in refractory-lined furnaces.

The Puerto Rico Police Department received 550 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with 550 Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches.  Additionally, they were granted 138 North American Rescue trauma kits.  The grant was valued at $50,226.

OPD received 110 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet cases to outfit their officers.  OPD used one of the granted tourniquets to perform a successful community save in early 2020.  The grant was valued at $7,969.70.

West Allis Police Department | West Allis, WI Awarded: 2023 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices

Distribution of stack-gas concentrations (ng/dscm at 7% oxygen) for 122 municipal solid-waste combustor units. The figure shows where the MACT standards would fall.

The furnace is designed to produce good mixing of the combustion air and the gases and vapors coming from the burning waste. Nevertheless, in parts of the furnace where combustion is not complete (for example, near the walls of the furnace), combustible components of organic compounds are burned off, leaving the incombustible particulate matter known as fly ash entrained in the flue gas. The incombustible portion of the waste (known as bottom ash) is left behind.

The Atoka Police Department was awarded 14 Samsung A71 5G smart phones to augment their capability, expanding their access to safety information and improving communication reliability.  OtterBox generously donated Commuter Lite cases and Alpha Glass screen protectors to extend the life of the devices. The grant was valued at $9,587.84.

SNCR reduces NOx by injecting ammonia or urea into the furnace via jets positioned at the location where temperatures are about 1600-1800°F. In the proper temperature range, the injected ammonia or urea combines with nitrogen oxide to form water vapor and elemental nitrogen.

BPD received 2 Safariland Protech Intruder G2 Level IIIA ballistic shields with LED light packages.  The shields are designed to protect officers against rifle level ballistic threats on critical incident calls and or while serving warrants.  The grant was valued at $8,025.40.

At hazardous-waste incineration facilities, the most common fugitive emissions are (from liquid wastes) vapors from tank vents, pump seals, and valves; and (from solid wastes) dust from solid-material handling, together with possible fugitives from particulate APCDs. The magnitude of those emissions and their control mechanisms are similar to those in other process industries that handle hazardous materials and are therefore regulated under RCRA subpart BB. However, the high-temperature seals on rotary-kiln incinerators are a potential source of vapor and dust emissions peculiar to such incineration facilities; these emissions are controlled by maintaining a negative pressure in the kiln.

The Amped FIVE Professional software enables the GBI with new capabilities for investigations state-wide, including with their Child Exploitation and Computer Crimes Unit.

Heavy metals in waste are not destroyed by incineration. Metallic elements with high vapor pressures, or with compounds that have high vapor pressures, can be converted to the vapor phase in the combustion chambers and tend to condense as the flue gas is cooled. They can adsorb onto fine (generally submicrometer) particles. It is likely that mercury remains in the vapor phase in the air-pollution control section of the incineration process, depending on temperature, and the same may be true for some of the more-volatile metal compounds.

The Leicester Police Department received a grant for personal protective equipment valued at $5,691.25. The equipment included five Damascus FlexForce riot control suits, five pairs of Damascus Vector riot control gloves and five clear riot control shields.

The College Station (TX) Police Department received 153 Guardian Angel Devices Elite Series personal lighting devices to be worn by uniform officers during patrol and while on details.  In particular, CSPD was interested in having these devices issued to their officers while working traffic details surrounding Texas A&M sporting events in their community.  The grant was valued at $16,952.

The New Lebanon Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Patroller NIJ Level III ballistic shield with viewport.  The grant was valued at $6,652.

The reduction in stack-concentrations occurring after retrofit can be illustrated by the Detroit, MI facility. Initially all three units were equipped with ESPs, and a retrofit was initiated to spray dryer/fabric filters in 1987. In 1993 and 1994, the two retrofitted units showed stack concentrations in the range 2 to 10 ng/dscm. The third, nonretrofitted but otherwise similar unit, showed a stack concentration of 2,851 ng/dscm in 1993—the unit was to be retrofitted by 1996.

Historically, incinerator APCDs were designed to remove two classes of pollutants which are particulate matter and acid gases. More recently, some method for improving the removal of dioxins and/or mercury is considered necessary. Also, as discussed in Chapter 6, NOx emission limits have been established for some incinerators. In several instances in European plants, increasingly stringent regulations have resulted in use of more than one particulate-control device or more than one type of scrubber in a given incineration facility, and emissions have typically been reduced more than would be expected with the single device alone.

Similarly, initial tests at the Norfolk, VA facility showed dioxin concentrations of 21,129 to 42,995 ng/dscm before water sprays were installed to reduce temperatures to the ESPs, lowering concentrations to the range of 1,640 to 4,210 ng/dscm. One unit had already been retrofitted with a spray dryer/fabric filter APCD by March 1995, with all others to be retrofitted by 1996.

CCPD was selected as the 2020 Trooper Cameron Ponder Memorial Grant recipient and received 12 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID tourniquet cases to outfit their officers.  Additionally they received 12 pair of Hatch Neoprene Puncture Proof gloves.  The grant was valued at $1,387.64.

Cement kilns and coal-fired boilers that burn waste as fuel have traditionally used either fabric filters or dry electrostatic precipitators as active control techniques. Passive controls include the neutralization of acid gases by cement materials and the recycling of cement kiln dust back into the process.

The Maine State Police Department was selected at random from nominated agencies during the 2010 Spirit of Blue Wreath campaign. The Bushmaster Patrolman’s Carbine they were awarded was assigned to their department’s Tactical Division.

The Nueces County (TX) Constables Office, Precinct 4, received 8 Guardian Angel personal lighting devices to aid them in working hands-free in low or no light conditions and making them more visible in certain situations while working outside of their vehicles.  The grant was valued at $894.84.

Dexter Police Department | Dexter, ME Awarded: 2019 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, National Police Dog Foundation, North American Rescue, Blue Force Gear

Gas cooling techniques are integral to incineration system design, and can be important with respect to emissions of certain pollutants. As discussed later in this chapter, emissions of mercury and dioxins and furans can be affected by the rate of gas cooling and the air pollution control device (APCD) operating temperature. Dry APCDs, including scrubbers and particulate control devices, achieve the highest degree of reduction of mercury, dioxins and furans, and acid gases when flue-gas temperatures are lowered to about 300°F or less at the APCD inlet.

In summary, these test results and empirical demonstrations, together with other lines of evidence (including other tests and laboratory demonstrations), show that dioxin and furan concentrations exiting the furnace are controlled by combustion conditions. Subsequently, dioxins and furans may be produced by reactions on surfaces in the flue-gas duct or in APCDs, with production rates increasing substantially above a certain temperature. Production of dioxins and furans during upset conditions are thus expected to rapidly increase outside a window of good-combustion conditions. Various monitors of these conditions (including CO emissions and temperatures throughout the flue-gas train) should thus correlate with dioxin and furan emissions, even during upset conditions.

The St. Clair Police Department received three EOTech Model 512 Holographic Weapon Sights to outfit their patrol rifles.  EOTech generously donated their product for the grant, which was valued at $1,575.

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Fly ash is the solid and condensable vapor-phase matter that leaves the furnace chamber suspended in combustion gases and is later collected in APCDs. The APCDs in use since the middle 1980s capture a high percentage of the contaminants in the flue-gas stream. Fly ash is a mixture of fine particles with volatile metals and metal compounds, organic chemicals, and acids condensed onto particle surfaces. It can also contain residues from reagents, such as lime and activated carbon, themselves with condensed or absorbed contaminants. Fly ash is collected in hoppers beneath the APCDs.

MCSO received 450 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Eleven 10 RIGID Tourniquet cases to outfit their deputies.  The grant was valued at $31,642.68.

MPD received 40 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquet and Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! PouchThe grant was valued at $12,995.

After a C-A-T Tourniquet saved the life of injured Sgt. Mike Ledbetter, Sheriff Jimmy “J.J.” Jones began issuing them to all officers. Unable to afford enough for the entire department, the Spirit of Blue provided 100 C-A-T Tourniquets and carrying straps to ensure every officer was covered.

Waterville Police Department | Waterville, ME Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Jeffrey S. Parola Foundation

The CPD was nominated by one of its own, Officer Paula Krezbiot, who works in one of the most criminally active neighborhoods in the city. In turn, the Chicago Police Department assigned the Bushmaster Patrolman’s Carbine to District 7 (Englewood) where Officer Krezbiot serves in order to help protect its officers.

Lead (Pb) emissions from waste incinerators are influenced by the concentration of Pb in the waste feed, the chemical form of Pb, the physical matrix of the waste, the degree of ash carryover from the primary combustion chamber, thermal conditions in the primary and secondary combustion chambers that affect Pb volatilization, and the air-pollution control system efficiency for fine-particle removal from the gas. The method of feeding waste to the combustor chamber (in batches vs. continuous feeding) can have an indirect effect on Pb emissions.

Troy Police Department | Troy, NY Awarded: 2015 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation, PowerFlare

Stack-gas concentrations for dioxins (total tetra through octa CDDs and CDFs—toxic equivalent (TEQ) values can be obtained approximately by dividing these values by 50) spanned approximately a 20,000-fold range in 1995. Figure 3-2 shows the distribution of stack-gas concentrations (ng/dscm at 7% oxygen) for the 122 units mentioned in the EPA update to the committee (and also shows where the proposed MACT standards would fall).

The Oswego mass-burn facility was tested in groups of three runs (NYSERDA 1990) to evaluate the effect of a clean combustion chamber (right after startup) versus end-of-campaign (just prior to maintenance shutdown), and (two groups of runs) the effect of secondary chamber temperature (see Appendix B, Box B-5). Low furnace temperatures were correlated with high dioxin and furan concentrations (5- to 6-fold increase) at the secondary chamber outlet and ESP inlet. The dioxin and furan concentrations were also highly correlated with high CO levels, particularly with upper percentiles of distributions of CO levels from a continuous emission monitor.

The Sandy Police Department received one Armourer’s Choice Patroller Level IIIA+ ballistic shield for us by their officers.  The grant was valued at $2,180.

The Bucyrus Police Department received 30 CAT Tourniquets from North American Rescue along with 20 RIGID Tourniquet Cases from Eleven 10 and another 10 Tourniquet NOW! pouches from Blue Force Gear who donated their product.  The grant was valued at $2,054.70.

The Hancock County Sheriff’s Office received one Boyd Compact Level III ballistic shield for us by their agency’s tactical team.  The grant was valued at $2,109.

The Cedar Rapids Police Department was selected at random from nominated agencies during the 2010 Spirit of Blue Wreath campaign. The Bushmaster Patrolman’s Carbine they were awarded was assigned to their department’s Special Response Team (SRT).

The Montana Law Enforcement Academy trained 59 law enforcement officers in 2022 from agencies who did not issue tourniquets.  Each graduate was granted a North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquet and their choice of a Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouch or Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Case for wear on their uniform.  The grant was valued at $4,733.

17 new ballistic protection helmets were purchased for members of the FPD SWAT Team to enhance their safety and enable compatibility with communication headsets.

The primary purpose of the Spirit of Blue Foundation is to raise funds for our Safety Grant Program, providing law enforcement agencies nationwide the critically needed safety equipment, training and other resources they can’t otherwise afford.  The grant awards themselves come in many forms, but have one common thread – they are truly valuable in keeping officers safe as they conduct their work.

The Guntown Police Department received eight Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with additional Universal mounts for their officers.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was presented in person by SOLE Board Member, Ronnie “Cuz” Strickland of Mossy Oak, and was valued at $1,008.

The operation of the combustion chamber also affects the emission of pollutants, such as heavy metals, that are present in the waste feed stream. Such compounds are conserved during combustion and are partitioned among the bottom ash, fly ash, and gases in proportions that depend on the compounds' volatility and the combustion conditions. Mercury and its salts, for example, are volatile, so most of the mercury in the waste feed is vaporized in the combustion chamber. In the cases of lead and cadmium, the partitioning between the bottom ash and fly ash will depend on operating conditions. More of the metals appear in the fly ash as the combustion-chamber temperature is increased. In general, there is a need for the combustion conditions to maximize the destruction of PICs and to minimize the vaporization of heavy metals. It is also important to minimize the formation of NOx (which is favored by high temperatures or the presence of nitrogen-containing fuels).

The Hidalgo County Constable’s Office, Precinct 4 received 22 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets along with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ Cases to outfit their deputies.  The grant was valued at $1,594.

The Beaumont Police Department received one Survival Armor Plexus II K9 ballistic vest for their newest dog, K9 Mila.  The grant was valued at $1,885.

Some NOx formation is inevitable from nitrogen present in the fuel and from atmospheric nitrogen, and it may be necessary to use flue-gas controls to achieve further reduction of these emissions. Add-on NOx flue-gas control systems include selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and wet flue-gas denitrification.

The Cottage Grove Police Department received three Survival Armor Plexus IIIA ballistic vests with Salem Front-Zip outer carriers to replace vests that had expired.  The grant was presented in person by LEU Member Kristie Kilcullen, surviving spouse of fallen Eugene (OR) Police Department Officer Christopher Kilcullen and was valued at $6,666.

A new K9 was purchased for the KCSO, trained in explosives detection, tracking and handler protection. The new dog will replace K9 Geno who served since 2009.

During testing of the Prince Edward Island facility (Environment Canada 1985), low combustion temperatures were associated with increased dioxin emissions (see Appendix B, Box B-1). The Pittsfield, MA facility (NYSERDA 1987) was tested under variable conditions (see Appendix B, Box B-2). The results showed dioxin increasing with both too much and too little excess oxygen, that low primary combustion temperature substantially increased dioxin emission rates, and that high CO concentrations usefully indicated combustion conditions that also correlated with high dioxin concentrations. During testing at the Peekskill incinerator in Westchester County (NYSERDA 1989), two approximately hour long tests were performed during cold-start conditions (see Appendix B, Box B-3). Total CDD/CDF concentrations were 18-51 times baseline (normal operation) values at the ESP inlet, and 40-96 times normal values at the ESP outlet. CO was also elevated (5-57 ppmv normal, cold starts 114 and 180 ppmv at the superheater exit). A comparative report of these three early tests (Visalli 1987) stated that “test results indicate that levels of dioxin and furan in the flue gas entering a pollution control device are affected by different plant operating conditions if the conditions deviate sufficiently from normal operations,” that furnace temperature can be used as a gross indicator of total dioxin and furan emissions, and that operating an incinerator at excess oxygen levels below about 5% may cause an increase in dioxin and furan emissions.

It is known that the presence of catalytic metals (e.g., copper, nickel, zinc, iron, and aluminum and their salts) and the temperature range of 450-750°F can promote dioxin and furan formation (e.g., Stieglitz and Vogg 1987; Vogg et al. 1992). Traditionally, many APCDs are operated within that temperature range to avoid acid-corrosion problems. Other requirements for dioxin and furan formation include prolonged gas-residence time in the stated temperature range, the presence of carbon as gaseous PICs or particles, and the presence of chlorine as HCl, Cl2, or metal salt. Some types of organic compounds, such as chlorophenols and chlorobenzenes, tend to act as precursors for this type of secondary dioxin and furan formation. There is evidence that sulfur and ammonia can inhibit dioxin and furan formation.

The most common combustion-gas cooling techniques for incinerators are waste-heat boilers, and direct-contact water-spray quenches. Waste-heat boilers are employed on all new municipal solid waste-to-energy plants, many hazardous-waste incinerators, and some of the larger medical-waste incinerators. Waste-to-energy plants have radiant waterwall furnaces as well as convective boiler sections. Hazardous-waste and medical-waste incinerators usually have just convective boiler sections, typically of fire-tube rather than water-tube design.

College Station Police Department | College Station, TX Awarded: 2021 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Guardian Angel Devices, the Ford Motor Company Fund and Sportsmen Organized for Law Enforcement Media:  Video

The Grayson Police Department received 11 Safe Life Defense Level IIIA ballistic vests.  Additionally, they were granted 11 North American Rescue C-A-T Tourniquets with Eleven 10 RIGID TQ cases for wear on their new vests.  This grant was designated as the 2023 Trooper Cameron Ponder Memorial Grant, which is awarded in the Commonwealth of Kentucky each year.  The grant was valued at $8,415.

Bottom ash is the remains of the solid waste that is not burned on the grate during the combustion process and consists of unburned organic material (char), large pieces of metal, glass, ceramics, and inorganic fine particles. Bottom ash is collected in a quench pit beneath the burnout section of the grate.

The Fair Lawn Police Department received a Safariland Entry II Level IIIA Ballistic Shield w/ LED Lights. The shield is designed to protect officers on critical incidents as they confront armed subjects.  The grant was valued at $4,095.

The Lincoln Police Department Bike Patrol Unit received 24 Guardian Angel Elite Series Red/Blue wearable lighting devices with an assortment of additional mounts to outfit each of the officers assigned to their unit.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $3,009.

There are many regulations and guidelines for the design and operation of waste storage, handling, and feeding systems. Organizations that develop such regulations and guidelines include the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).

Monterey Police Department | Monterey, TN Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, Safariland, Blue Force Gear

Cement kilns burning hazardous waste are in a class by themselves. All cement kilns are major sources of particulate emissions and are regulated as such by EPA and the states. Kiln-exhaust gases contain large amounts of entrained particulate matter known as cement-kiln dust, a large fraction of which is collected in APCDs. The kiln dust so collected is generally recycled to the kiln feed. Under the current BIF regulation, residue generated primarily by the combustion of fossil fuels may be exempted as RCRA hazardous waste provided that the facility operator can demonstrate that such wastes are no different from normal process residues or that any change caused by the combustion of hazardous waste as supplemental material in the fuel will not cause harm to human health or the environment. Cement-kiln dust is in that category.

Emissions during startup and shutdown are likely to be different in nature from those during regular burning of waste. For hazardous-waste and medical-waste incinerators, at least, startup and shutdown periods (without malfunctions) are defined in regulations to include only periods when the waste is not being burned (using auxiliary fuels to bring the facility to operational temperature, for example). However, emissions might also differ for the periods just after the beginning of feeding of waste into the incinerators, because this will induce some variations in operating conditions. Upsets may include any variation from normal operational conditions, and may or may not affect emission rates. Various attempts have been made to evaluate the effect of upset conditions on emission rates.

As noted above, three sources have been proposed for the dioxins and furans found in the products of combustion. In addition, a substantial amount of research has been performed on effects of combustion conditions, facility configuration, waste stream composition, and pollution-control equipment. Siebert et al. (1988) investigated various factors associated with the operation of municipal solid-waste combustors and found APCD outlet temperature, presence of acid-gas controls, and the startup year of the facility to be the most-important determinants of dioxin and furan formation. Fangmark et al. (1993) studied the effect of bed temperature, oxygen concentration, variations in HCl and water, and temperature and residence time in the postcombustion zone on dioxin and furan formation and concluded that postcombustion temperature was the most important. A study conducted for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME (1995), indicated that there was no statistically significant cross-incinerator correlation between chlorine content of the waste stream fed to incinerators, and the dioxin and furan concentration in the emissions of those incinerators. Numerous factors have been associated with dioxin and furan formation, including the presence of particulate carbon, metal catalysis, combustion efficiency, temperature, and presence of precursors. The only consensus at this point seems to be that good combustion efficiencies and low postcombustion temperatures reduce the secondary dioxin formation.

The Puerto Rico Police Department received 235 C-A-T Tourniquets purchased from North American Rescue and an equal number of Tourniquet NOW! Pouches donated by Blue Force Gear, along with an additional 50 custom trauma kits purchased from North American Rescue.  This was the first Spirit of Blue grant awarded to a US Territory and was valued at $20,572.

Texas Department of Parks & Wildlife | Uvalde, TX Awarded: 2022 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue

Various tests have been performed on incinerators in addition to the empirical results found during the interim corrective measures described above. Most of these have been to evaluate the effect of process variations, rather than process upsets, but the results have implications for upsets. Six examples of such tests are summarized here.

Leicester Police Department | Leicester, MA Awarded: 2017 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation

The Alhambra Police Department received two Survival Armor K9 ballistic vests for K9’s Otis and Doggo, along with an AceK9 Hot-n-Pop Heat Alarm System with door popper to outfit their newest K9 vehicle.  The grant was valued at $5,397.

The Calloway County Sheriff’s Office received 20 Guardian Angel Elite Series Blue/Blue personal lighting devices with additional Universal mounts for their deputies.  This grant was given immediately following severe tornados that struck their community.  Guardian Angel Devices donated the additional accessories.  The grant was valued at $2,281.

All these data are the result of discrete stack-sampling events, not continuous emissions monitoring that would reflect day-to-day operation. There is no reliable representative data base of continuous emissions measurements for any of the pollutants examined here.

South Windsor Police Department | South Windsor, CT Awarded: 2015 Grant Sponsor: Dunkin’ Donuts & Baskin-Robbins Community Foundation

Table 3-1 lists the common waste storage, waste staging, feed preparation and feeding practices for municipal solid-waste, hazardous-waste, and medical-waste incinerators. These practices are highly waste- and facility-specific.

Fine-particle control devices are in three general categories: filtration collectors, including primary fabric filters (baghouses); electrostatic collectors, including dry and wet electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and ionizing wet scrubbers; and wet inertial-impaction collectors, including venturi scrubbers and advanced designs that use flux-force condensation-enhancement techniques.

OPD received 250 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets and Blue Force Gear Tourniquet NOW! Pouches to outfit their officers.  A portion of the funds were raised by members of the community through a GoFundMe page.  The grant was valued at $10,498.88.

ACSO received 14 North American Rescue Gen7 C-A-T Tourniquets to outfit their deputies.  They had previously purchased tourniquet holders, but their budget didn’t allow for them to purchase the actual tourniquets.  The grant was valued at $427.86.

All residues generated by hazardous-waste incineration, except waste burned for metal recovery, are considered hazardous waste. That stems from the “derived-from” rule, which states that residues generated by the treatment of hazardous waste remain hazardous until delisted. Ash from hazardous-waste combustion must be handled and disposed in a secure hazardous-waste landfill that is designed to ensure that there will be no groundwater pollution. Under some circumstances, the ash can be classified as nonhazardous after a comprehensive test procedure, as provided under RCRA regulations.

The Redlands Police Department received one Survival Armor Plexus II K9 ballistic vest for K9 Jake.  The grant  was valued at $1,885.

In a properly designed unit, the important monitoring and process-control measures are inlet gas temperature (dry ESPs only), gas flow rate, electrical conditions (voltage, current, and spark rate), cleaning intensity and frequency, and hopper-ash level (dry ESPs only).

The grant awards 8 Survival Armor Paragon6 NIJ Level II ballistic vests with spare carriers to members of the department. The grant was given in memory of fallen RPD Officer Daryl Pierson.

Modern municipal solid-waste incinerators in the United States are equipped for particulate, acid gas, and, in many cases, dioxin and mercury removal. These municipal solid-waste incinerators typically employ fabric filters or dry electrostatic precipitators (esp) for particulate removal. ESPs became common in the 1970s. In the 1980s, fabric filters, also known as baghouses, started to replace, or be used in tandem with, ESPs as the preferred design for particulate removal because of their improved capacity for filtering finer particles. Spray dryer absorbers and dry-lime injection systems are used for acid gas—HCl and sulfur dioxide (SO2)—removal. Dry powdered activated carbon injection systems provide dioxin and furan and mercury removal.

WCSO received 120 wooden batons and belt holders to outfit their deputies assigned to crowd control duties.  Additionally, they received 25 pairs of WileyX Saber advanced clear lenses with PTX laser emission protective lense-inserts to block harmful laser beams when directed at their eyes by rioters.  The grant was valued at $10,574.

The Maine State Police Tactical Team received one Elbit Night Vision Binocular with Wilcox helmet mount, supplied by Night Fighter Tactical.  This grant served as the 2021 Trooper Jeffrey S. Parola Memorial Grant.  The grant was valued at $13,000.

For illustrative purposes, the following discussion focuses on the basic design and operating considerations for one type of furnace.

The LAPD Scientific Investigative Division was awarded a grant for the Amped FIVE Professional software tool to be used by their technicians in support of their investigations to better utilize image and video data both in their city and in support of agencies across the country.

FCSO received 15 PowerFlare 8-Unit Cone Kits to outfit their traffic deputies with enhanced traffic control devices and awareness capabilities.  The grant was valued at $10,290.30.

Webster and Connett (1998) evaluated the emissions from 81 (of about 160) municipal-waste incineration facilities over the period 1985 to 1995 using the same EPA memorandum augmented with some additional individual test reports. Their calculations confirmed the large range of total emissions from different facilities, the importance for national emission estimates of the largest emitters, and the large effect on such estimates of reducing emission rates for the large emitters. Retrofit or closing of several incinerators indicated a substantial decrease in total atmospheric emissions of dioxins from municipal-waste incinerators at the end of that period.

Montana Law Enforcement Academy | Helena, MT Awarded: 2020 Grant Sponsor: Law Enforcement United, North American Rescue, Eleven 10, Blue Force Gear

The concentration of Pb in the waste is important because Pb is conserved in the combustion process; all the Pb fed to the combustor exists with the bottom ash, is collected as fly ash, or is emitted as fine particles in the stack gas.

The Belmont Police Department received a pair of Entry II Level IIIA ballistic shields with viewports and 1,000 lumen Fox Fury LED lights from Safariland. The grant was was valued at $8,390.