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With cameras everywhere today, it’s becoming critical for Law Enforcement to have the ability to record their civilian encounters.

If the viral status of the client/source is unknown, it is important to obtain baseline testing for HIV, HBV and HCV immediately after exposure. Follow-up testing should be arranged at six weeks and four months for HIV, and at three months and six months for HBV and HCV1.

To assess your exposure risk, it is essential to determine the type of bodily fluid you have been exposed to. Some bodily fluids are considered potentially infectious for pathogens such as HIV, HBV and HCV, while others are not2.

HIROC, midwives’ Professional Liability Insurance provider, provides supplementary coverage for all HIV positive individuals who are working for midwifery practice group. To obtain payment, HIROC requires that the notice of positive test result be filed within 90 days of first learning of the incident.

Although there are a number of pathogens that health-care workers could be exposed to during an occupational exposure, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) rank as the most critical when considering exposure prevention and management.

If you have been exposed to blood borne pathogens, consult with a physician as soon as possible. The physician can provide a risk assessment on the likelihood of pathogen transmission and the potential need for post-exposure prophylaxis (PeP). PeP is medication that you take after exposure to a pathogen to prevent becoming infected.

4. College of Midwives of Ontario. Standard on Blood Borne Pathogens. [Internet]. Toronto; 2014 [Cited 2019 Apr 10]. Retrieved from: http://www.cmo.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Blood-Borne-Pathogens.pdf

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Transmission of a blood borne pathogen requires exposure to an infectious bodily fluid via a portal of entry (i.e., non-intact skin, percutaneous injury, mucous membrane). If a blood borne pathogen has no portal of entry into the body, there is no risk of transmission. Occupational exposures most commonly occur as a result of sharps injuries1. Although HIV, HBV and HCV can be transmitted through blood or other bodily fluids, their estimated risk of transmission following percutaneous (sharps) exposure is2:

intracellular fluid中文

When health-care workers are exposed to bodily fluids at work, they face the risk of occupational exposure and infection1. Occupational exposure occurs when bodily fluids come into contact with a health-care worker’s non-intact skin via abrasions, mucous membranes such as the mouth, nose and eyes, and percutaneous injuries from needlesticks or sharp objects.

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2. St. Michael’s Hospital. Pocket P.E.P. Clinical management of non-occupational and occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens: A pocket reference [Internet]. Toronto; 2013 [Updated 2019; cited 2019 Apr 10]. Retrieved from: http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/pdf/programs/pocket-pep.pdf

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(e.g., sharps injury, pathogen contact with mucous membranes (including the eye) or contact with skin that is abraded, inflamed or otherwise not intact). If PeP is necessary, rapid response increases its potential for effectiveness.

3. Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee (PIDAC). Infection Prevention and Control for Clinical Office Practice. 2 ed. [Internet] Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario. April 2015. [cited 2019 Apr 10]

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You can make decisions regarding the use of PeP in consultation with the occupational health team or the physician to whom you have been referred. You and your physician will determine if unknown viral status should be treated as positive or if PeP should be initiated based on risk factors

1. Ontario Hospital Association and Ontario Medical Association. Blood Borne Diseases Surveillance Protocol For Ontario Hospitals. [Internet]. 2018. [cited 2019 June 19]. Retrieved from https://www.oha.com/Documents/Blood%20Borne%20Diseases%20Protocol%20(November%202018).pdf

If an exposure incident with a specific client leads to a positive test result for HIV, HBV or HCV, midwives are legally obligated to report the result to Public Health. After the exposure incident, midwives also have an ethical obligation to inform the client that their testing revealed a positive serologic status. The CMO requires that this information be reported to the client so they may seek appropriate care and prevent further transmission. The CMO also requires that members report positive serologic status to the College as soon as reasonably possible4. Finally, to reduce the risk of transmission to other clients, midwives have an ethical obligation to seek advice on appropriate measures to prevent transmission in their clinical practice.

The world of law enforcement has changed quite a bit in the last 20 years or so. As technology becomes more ingrained in society, law enforcement officers must keep up. The result has been a surge in technologies like police car cameras, police body cameras, high-tech squad cars, and other new devices that keep both officers and citizens safe. To give you a little taste of how technology has advanced for police, only 11% of state police and highway patrol vehicles had in vehicle camera systems in 2000. Now, almost 72% of all state patrol vehicles utilize this technology. Here’s a look at what that technology can actually do for police and for the public. Triggers Because police car cameras are hardwired into a vehicle’s electrical systems, they’re able to activate based on triggers that are programmed into them. For example, if a police officer turns their emergency lights and siren on, a police car camera could automatically start recording the situation. This would be classified as a trigger, or something that prompts the camera system to turn on and begin recording. However, that’s not the case for every dash camera. In many instances, an officer still needs to manually activate the camera, as a trigger may not be able to turn it on automatically. In Case You Missed It: Far Outweighing The Cost: How Everyone Benefits From Police Body Cameras Battery Life Most police vehicle cameras are integrated into a car to the point that they don’t have any battery limits. This means that ideally, a police vehicle camera will be running constantly, providing updates and evidence on any given situation. Some cameras are even set to turn on as soon as a car is started. This ensures that whether someone remembers to activate a camera or not, every incident inside and out of the car is recorded. Objective Account A body camera is helpful in that it shows a police officer’s point of view. But keeping that in mind, it means there’s no way to see what an officer is doing unless there are other officers on the scene. This is where police car recordings come into play. For a truly objective account of what happened during a particular incident, it’s important to pay attention to the footage a dashboard camera captures. These cameras provide automatic digital evidence collection, better protecting officers both in the streets and in the courts. Don’t discount the importance of dashboard cameras in police vehicles. These little devices are changing the way police work is performed, keeping both citizens and officers safe in the 21st century. Read More: Benefits Of Police Body Cameras Seen In Detroit The 10-8 HD4 Police Dash Camera System Building on the unsurpassed reliability of our previous 3 generations of systems, the HD4 Police Dash Camera System offers Full HD recording for even greater clarity and detail! Learn more » The 10-8 BCS Body Camera With cameras everywhere today, it’s becoming critical for Law Enforcement to have the ability to record their civilian encounters. Learn more »