Some experts have emphasized the G20’s flexibility compared with other multilateral institutions, noting that it can help shake up a sometimes rigid geopolitical order. This flexibility extends to the summits themselves, where bilateral meetings between heads of state and government often focus on issues outside the formal agenda.

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CPS says it plans to add a drone co-ordinator role sometime in 2024. That person will be expected to maintain existing programs and integrate new ones.

These tête-à-têtes, whether planned or impromptu, often grab headlines due to their diplomatic gravity. In Hamburg, Germany, in 2017, Trump met Putin for the first time, holding multiple meetings that lasted several hours each and sparked concerns among U.S. allies within the G20. The following year, a bilateral meeting again overshadowed the G20 summit, this time between Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping.

There's a question of accountability, here. Who is keeping the drone footage, and who is checking to see what the drone was used for? Keenan said police forces are still struggling with those questions.

There is also still friction within the group regarding climate change. China, India, Russia, and Saudi Arabia reportedly blocked an agreement on phasing out coal use and fossil fuel subsidies at a July 2021 meeting of environment ministers. And following the invasion of Ukraine, Germany and other G20 countries have reneged on previous promises to stop financing fossil fuel projects overseas. The New Delhi summit again failed to produce ambitious climate action, calling only for a “phasedown” of coal rather than a “phaseout,” and Lula argues “the planet has had enough of unfulfilled climate agreements.”

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The Group of Twenty (G20), originally a collection of twenty of the world’s largest economies, was conceived as a bloc that would bring together the most important industrialized and developing economies to discuss international economic and financial stability. Its annual summit, a gathering of G20 leaders that debuted in 2008, has evolved into a major forum for discussing economics as well as other pressing global issues. Bilateral meetings on the summit’s sidelines have occasionally led to major international agreements. And while one of the group’s most impressive achievements was its robust response to the 2008 financial crisis, its cohesion has since frayed, and analysts have criticized its lackluster response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tom Keenan, a professor in the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape at the University of Calgary and author of Technocreep, The Surrender of Privacy and the Capitalization of Intimacy, took a look at the numbers provided by CPS.

He said it's "certainly legitimate" that most of the flights are for traffic incidents. If a car was about to explode, for instance, one wouldn't want officers to be in danger. Plus, drones are able to capture images from traffic incidents that wouldn't be accessible otherwise.

Trump’s November 2024 reelection has boosted uncertainty over the future of Washington’s global economic policy. He has promised a new “universal tariff” of upwards of 20 percent, additional tariffs on China, and a suite of other measures at odds with the previous free trade consensus. Analysts say that poses a challenge for Biden’s final G20 summit. “Biden will want to convey the message that America’s engagement with the world, American values, and American interests are enduring,” Georgetown University’s Evan Medeiros told NPR.

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He cited the U.S. Supreme Court case of Kyllo v. United States. It involved federal agents using a thermal imaging device outside the home of Oregon resident Danny Lee Kyllo, whom they suspected of growing marijuana. That was deemed to be an invasion of Kyllo's privacy under the Fourth Amendment.

"In all cases, [drone] pilots are adhering to the Canadian Aviation Regulations and Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The safety and privacy of the public is our top priority," CPS wrote in a statement.

Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, or Lula, seeks to continue this push. Lula has promoted a new “Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty” that he hopes will mobilize additional funding in the coming decade. Brazil is also championing its version of “global governance reform,” which seeks to make international institutions such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the World Bank more responsive to developing countries.

Geopolitical tensions, heightened by the Russian invasion of Ukraine but also spurred by strategic competition between China and the United States, have increasingly threatened cooperation. In the United States, bipartisan legislative efforts have aimed to deny Russia standing in the WTO and other international institutions. Russia’s participation in the G20 has grown contentious, with some Western countries seeking to exclude Moscow, though members including China and Brazil have opposed that idea.

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The G20 introduced a common framework for debt treatment ahead of its 2020 summit, but only four countries—Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Zambia—have requested debt relief under the framework. Experts blame divisions between lender countries.

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Joel is a reporter/editor with CBC Calgary. In fall 2021, he spent time with CBC's bureau in Lethbridge. He was previously the editor of the Airdrie City View and Rocky View Weekly newspapers. He hails from Swift Current, Sask. Reach him by email at joel.dryden@cbc.ca

The G20 was formed in 1999, in the wake of the Asian financial crisis, to unite finance ministers and central bankers from twenty of the world’s largest established and emerging economies. A decade later, at the height of the global economic crisis, the G20 was elevated to include heads of state and government. Many experts credit the G20 with quick action; former CFR fellow Stewart Patrick said the group “rescued a global financial system in free fall.” In 2008 and 2009, G20 nations agreed to spending measures worth $4 trillion to revive their economies, rejected trade barriers, and implemented far-reaching reforms of the financial system.

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CPS says it first began operating drones in its traffic section in 2015 for collision reconstruction investigations. It expanded their use to its tactical unit in 2020, and uses drones in its digital unit to provide footage for internal training and both internal and external media content.

Drones are expect to serve as a complement to the existing police helicopters, according to CPS. The police service uses DJI Mavic platforms for its operations.

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“No framework for coordination among official creditors can work if official creditors don’t have enough in common to work together,” CFR senior fellow Brad W. Setser wrote in March 2023. “The ‘Common Framework’ exists in name only.” International lenders are now considering ways to reform the framework.

The 2022 Bali summit hosted the first in-person meeting between Biden and Xi since Biden was elected in 2020. Though the two leaders did not agree to any tangible measures, they committed to keeping diplomatic lines of communication open. In 2023, summit sidelines saw the formation of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), a rail and port deal linking India and Europe via infrastructure networks that cut through the Middle East. Some observers see IMEC as one of the most serious challenges to China’s Belt and Road Initiative to date. Meanwhile, the 2024 attendance of Mexican President Gloria Sheinbaum marks her first international summit since taking office in October 2024, and she is advocating for proposals to reduce arms spending and increase food self-sufficiency.

"You're not allowed to look into somebody's house. The problem with the drone is, you can look into their backyard, maybe you can look through their windows," Keenan said.

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Together, the nations of the G20 account for more than 85 percent of global economic output, around 75 percent of global exports, and about 80 percent of the world’s population. These figures have remained relatively stable while the corresponding rates for Group of Seven (G7) nations, a smaller group of advanced democracies, have shrunk, as larger emerging markets take up a relatively greater share of the world’s economy.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a major test for the group, which Patrick has criticized for largely failing to move beyond “uncoordinated national policies.” However, G20 countries did agree to suspend debt payments owed to them by some of the world’s poorest countries, providing billions of dollars in relief.

The group’s long-standing commitment to an international order based on WTO principles of reducing tariffs and other trade barriers has in recent years collided with growing economic competition between great powers. President Donald Trump launched a multifront trade war involving several G20 members, imposing a suite of tariffs on China that the Biden administration has largely left in place. President Joe Biden has also pursued other measures meant to “de–risk” the U.S. economy from China’s. In August 2022, he signed the CHIPS and Science Act, which encourages advanced technology manufacturing to move back to the United States. That measure was followed by strict export controls that restricted China’s ability to buy certain chips made anywhere in the world with U.S. inputs, and an outbound screening regime prohibiting some U.S. investments in Chinese sensitive technology sectors.

Every year, the leaders of G20 members meet to discuss mainly economic and financial matters and coordinate policy on some other issues of mutual interest. Examples include when the G20 discussed how to address a covert Iranian nuclear plant at the 2009 summit and when the forum debated how to administer a partial cease-fire in Syria at the 2017 summit. The G20 is not a permanent institution with a headquarters, offices, or staff. Instead, its leadership rotates on an annual basis among its members, its decisions are made by consensus, and implementation of its agenda depends on the political will of the individual states.

But experts point out that the G20’s membership is still more representative of the current international balance of power than blocs of countries formed earlier, such as the G7. Several rising democracies, including Brazil, India, and Indonesia, belong to the G20, as do other influential autocratic countries, such as China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. (Russia’s G7 membership was suspended indefinitely in 2014 following its annexation of Ukraine’s Crimea region.) For this reason, Patrick described the 2008 elevation of the G20 as a watershed moment in global governance and argued that the group was the best-suited forum for tackling the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since then, the addition of the African Union brought to the table a bloc home to roughly 1.3 billion people and an economy worth some $3.1 trillion.

"Are they providing people the opportunity to meaningfully participate, as in, you know that there will be drone surveillance at one of these events?"

Since then, many observers say, the G20 has struggled to achieve similar success on its goals of coordinating monetary and fiscal policies, achieving higher growth, and rooting out corruption and tax evasion. Geopolitical analysts Ian Bremmer and Nouriel Roubini have argued against the G20’s utility, saying that a “G-Zero” world is emerging instead—one in which countries go it alone or form ad hoc coalitions to pursue their interests. In 2021, then CFR President Richard Haass and senior fellow Charles A. Kupchan called for a new concert of powers, contending that “fly-in, fly-out” G20 summits are often bogged down by “haggling over detailed, but often anodyne, communiqués.”

There's also the possibility that one may not even be able to make a decision regarding whether they'd like to participate in such an event but not be observed by drone technology.

The G20 is a forum comprising nineteen countries with some of the world’s largest economies, as well as the European Union (EU) and, as of 2023, the AU. The countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States. Spain is invited as a permanent guest.

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The use of drones by police services across Canada is increasingly viewed as a method to gain a top-down perspective on investigations. But there are many who worry about the privacy implications of using such a technology, concerns the police force says it is aware of.

"It can have this chilling effect, where perhaps we're less comfortable going out in public and demonstrating our points of view under the fear or concern that we are being watched."

The Calgary Police Service has deployed drones 96 times this year as of Nov. 30. That's the same as all of last year but nearly double what CPS deployed in 2021, according to police data.

Neither Chinese President Xi Jinping nor Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the 2023 summit. The issue continued to split the group in New Delhi, and their joint declaration on the war failed to mention Russia by name. Putin likewise announced he would skip the 2024 summit in Brazil, which some observers attribute to a 2023 International Criminal Court arrest warrant that seeks to bring the Russian president to stand trial for alleged war crimes in Ukraine.

As the 2023 host, India sought to cast itself as a voice for the so-called Global South, framing the agenda around issues facing lower-income countries. These include rising debt levels, persistently high inflation, depreciating local currencies, food insecurity, and increasing severe weather events associated with climate change. In addition, New Delhi presided over the admittance of the AU, expanding representation to fifty-five countries. This allowed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to “showcase his status as the leader of a rising India,” according to CFR’s Manjari Chatterjee Miller and Clare Harris.

Economic and financial coordination remains the centerpiece of each summit’s agenda, but issues such as the future of work, climate change, and global health are recurring focuses as well. Broader agendas became more common in the decade following the global financial crisis, when the G20 was able to turn its attention beyond acute economic crisis management. But at recent summits, countries have struggled to reach a unified consensus—the hallmark of previous iterations of the conference—as the interests of high- and low-income economies continue to diverge.

Although climate change has been a focus of recent summits, meetings have yielded few concrete commitments. At the 2021 Rome summit, countries agreed to curb emissions of methane and end public financing for most new coal power plants overseas, but they said nothing about limiting coal use domestically. (China, the world’s largest emitter, permitted more domestic coal power plants in 2022 than any year since 2015). At the 2022 gathering, Indonesia agreed to close coal power plants in exchange for $20 billion in financing from high-income countries, including the United States. The 2024 host, Brazil, has been at the forefront of advocating for environmental policy in global institutions and has placed the clean energy transition high on the G20’s agenda.

"But I worry about the category called 'tactical,' because maybe that's flying over protests. Maybe you're identifying people in the protests, or documenting things. And no camera angle is perfect," he said.

In the view of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, it gets concerning when drones are used to monitor large-scale events, like demonstrations or protests, says Daniel Konikoff, interim director of the association's privacy, technology and surveillance program.

G20 members also faced divisions over how to address the economic shocks disproportionately affecting emerging economies. The energy crisis resulting from the war in Ukraine has led to food scarcity and soaring energy prices, as well as inflationary pressures that have engendered a stronger U.S. dollar at the expense of depreciating currencies in emerging economies. As a result, more countries are turning to international lenders for bailouts; over one hundred countries requested emergency assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in response to the pandemic. Beginning in 2022, IMF lending to distressed economies soared to a record high, reaching $149 billion by 2024.

"Advances in technology will allow the CPS to conduct collision scene and crime scene investigations more efficiently and make first response and tactical operations safer for the public and our members," CPS wrote.

"The primary issues have to do with transparency. Are people notifying people that they are using drones at the outset, before folks come out to a demonstration?" Konikoff said.

The G20 initially focused largely on broad macroeconomic policy, but it has expanded its ambit. The 2016 summit in Hangzhou, China, broke new ground when U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping formally announced their countries’ accession to the Paris Agreement on climate.

When it comes to police and surveillance technology, Keenan, the author of Technocreep, said we need to have a much more evolved view of the landscape.

Tensions within the group have continued to grow as high- and low-income countries have increasingly diverged on major issues such as climate change, economic development, and the ongoing fallout from the war in Ukraine. The 2023 summit saw the entrance of the African Union (AU) as the group’s newest member, and at the 2024 summit in Rio de Janeiro, host Brazil is seeking to further strengthen the influence of the Global South in world affairs.