There are a variety of ways in which the police and the mental health system can work together to manage first-response situations, in which the police are called to deal with an incident involving a person who appears to be mentally ill:

Yes. There are a number of commercial software applications available for loading that take into account the compatibility of dangerous goods. These applications are mode (e.g., air, marine, road) and jurisdiction-specific (e.g., Canada, USA). Thus, when deciding to use an application, the software application needs to be selected carefully.

Some people with a mental illness who are in crisis will come in contact with police officers. Section 17 of Ontario’s Mental Health Act, R.S.O. 1990, gives police officers the authority to bring someone to a medical facility for assessment if the officer has “reasonable and probable grounds” to believe a person has acted in a “disorderly manner” if the person is believed to have a mental disorder, has threatened or attempted to harm themselves, has behaved violently or caused someone to fear bodily harm, or has shown an inability to care for themselves.20

The carrier should have a safe operating procedure (SOP) for “load planning” which includes segregation of consignments when multiple consignments will be collected en route. Meanwhile, if a consignor is preparing packages with multiple dangerous goods (e.g., consolidation bins or overpacks), then the consignor’s SOP must include instructions on how to manage the packaging of incompatible dangerous goods.

A May 2008 review published by the Canadian Medical Association Journal contradicts previous assertions that “stun guns” manufactured by Taser International and others are unlikely to impact with deadly force. The authors reference three independent investigations that have found that stun guns may, in some circumstances, stimulate the heart and potentially result in adverse consequences.16 They recommend that additional research with human subjects is required.

(3) Unless able to separate properly, do NOT transport Class 4.3 dangerous goods with any aqueous (water-containing) solutions together.

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Dangerous goodssegregation chartPDF

This finding is especially significant given increased cardiovascular vulnerability among people with serious mental illness. People with a mental illness appear to be at greater risk of developing irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia)17 and coronary heart disease.18 In addition, people taking antipsychotic medication have been found to have a 2.4 times greater risk of sudden cardiac arrest and death.19

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A number of barriers have been identified that pose challenges to police dealing with people who have a mental illness.21 These include not having advance information from dispatch that the person may have a mental illness, or what they might expect upon arrival at the scene. More fundamentally, lack of adequate education about mental illness is a reality that impacts police officers’ ability to carry out their work with this vulnerable population. Police require customized training regarding how to identify situations involving mental illness, as well as how to communicate and intervene so as to minimize the use of force and maximize the likelihood that individuals with a mental illness are able to access the services they require. Evidence suggests that identifying a specific group of police officers to receive training and respond to mental health crisis is most beneficial, as these individuals will then have the mandate to utilize and update their skills on a regular basis.22

Explosives are assigned a compatibility group. See Column 3 in Schedule 1. The compatibility groups are described in Appendix 2 of Part 2 in the TDG Regulations. The Table from Section 5.7 in Part 5 of the TDG Regulation lists the explosives compatibility groups that can be transported together. It is reproduced below with some minor modifications of the column titles.

A means of containment (MOC) should be segregated according to the carrier’s loading plan. The carrier’s TDG specialist should determine the incompatibility between the dangerous goods that are intended to be transported. As different consignments are loaded, the loader or driver should follow the safe operating procedure (SOP). The SOP should include information on how to carry out a  segregation check:

It is estimated that there have been 270 deaths worldwide, including 17 Canadian deaths, proximal to Taser use since 1999.5 It is not possible to accurately count deaths, as there is no independent central registry in existence to monitor incidents and adverse events, and there remains controversy, as there is no conclusive proof that Tasers directly cause death. Many police services, coroners and researchers are suggesting Taser-associated deaths may be related to a condition referred to as “excited delirium,” but no conclusive evidence has yet been established. The Canadian Police Research Centre describes excited delirium as a potentially fatal state of extreme mental and physiological excitement that is characterized by extreme agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength, and endurance without apparent fatigue.6 This condition was first described as early as 1982, when investigators were examining unexplained deaths due to physical restraint by police.7 It has been hypothesized that excited delirium generates an extreme state of physiological arousal that places individuals at greater risk of death.

Note: The information below is provided as guidance only. Always check with Transport Canada and the TDG Act and Regulations to ensure compliance.

NOTE: Some incompatible dangerous goods may be allowed to be transported together when their quantity is below a specific threshold limit or when limited quantity packaging is used. A threshold limit can be established by a safety engineer and in consultation with the TDG Directorate.

Ontario’s Use of Force Model does not make allowance or offer guidance to police officers when encountering individuals who may be experiencing a mental health crisis and by virtue of their condition may not appear cooperative, due to hallucinations, delusions or other symptoms. However, other options are available, and mental health crisis intervention is the preferred approach for police to de-escalate such encounters.

According to a recent backgrounder by the CBC, Tasers are being used by 73 law enforcement agencies across Canada. Most mid-size police forces use these stun guns between 50 to 60 times a year on average, reports the CBC, based on figures compiled by the Canadian Police Research Centre.1The RCMP has 2,840 Tasers and has trained 9,132 officers to use them. They have been deployed more than 3,000 times since December 2001, in either drive stun mode (when electrodes on the Taser transmit electrical energy on contact with a subject’s body) or in full deployment (when darts are fired at a subject).2 Following a pilot study by the Toronto Police Service, Ontario’s Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services approved the Taser for use by Ontario police services in January 2005. In 2007, Tasers were used 264 times in Toronto, in either drive stun mode or full deployment,3 up from 97 times in 2006.4 The Taser was used an additional 140 times in 2007 as a “demonstrated force presence,” a deterrent measure where a spark is generated or the laser sighting system activated without any contact to the subject.

Stiff, rather than flexible.

…that there is a distinct lack of research nationally and internationally that thoroughly examines the connection between CEW use, excited delirium and the likelihood of death. Medical research is still in the early stages of reviewing this condition. What little is known of this condition suggest the need for a more conservative course of action with respect to the deployment of CEWs against vulnerable populations (people experiencing mental health crises, those suffering from drug toxicity and those exhibiting symptoms of excited delirium). The research suggests that these populations have a higher likelihood of death, not necessarily as a result of the use of force or restraint employed, but because of the mental or medical condition of the person at the time of police intervention.15

The letter “S” indicates that dangerous may not be loaded, transported, or stored together in the same transport vehicle during the course of transportation unless they are separated in a manner so the dangerous goods will not come into contact with one another in case of an incident where the packages will be leaking. NOTE: Even if separation methods are used, Class 8 (corrosive) liquids may not be loaded above or adjacent to Class 4 (flammable) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials. However, this requirement does not apply to Class 4 and Class 5 dangerous goods that, when in contact, are known NOT to cause a fire or a dangerous evolution of heat or gas.

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This updated course provides an overview of the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Act and Regulations. It reflects the most recent regulatory amendments in (SOR/2023-155) and (SOR/2023-206) published in the Canada Gazette, and other significant content updates.

Chemicalsegregation Chart

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(***) Class 9 dangerous goods have varied properties, and thus, it is best to check the SDS regarding hazards and get advice from the supplier.

DGcompatibilitychart

For example: the assigned compatibility group for UN0004 in Schedule 1 is 1.1D. This explosive can be transported together with other explosives that have the following assigned compatibility letter/group: C, D, E, N, S.   NOTE: If an explosive (e.g., UN0074) is assigned to the compatibility group “A”, then such an explosive cannot be transported with any other explosive.

Each police service in Ontario is currently governed by different protocols and policies concerning the number of times a Taser may be deployed. However, the Canadian Police Research Centre noted in their 2005 study that “…police officers need to be aware of the adverse effects of multiple, consecutive cycles of CEDs [Tasers] on a subject…”12

Research on the safety of Tasers has primarily been conducted on animals, rather than humans. When research has been conducted on humans, they have been deemed medically healthy. While Tasers may be used without injury on some individuals, there are vulnerable populations on whom Tasers should be used with caution. A 2004 review of Taser technology by British Columbia’s police complaint commissioner indicated that risk factors for death by Taser include drug-induced toxic states (cocaine, alcohol, etc.) and “acute psychiatric decompensation.”14

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Conducted Energy Weapons (commonly known as Tasers) are one of several use-of-force weapons that police may use to subdue or restrain an individual. CMHA Ontario is concerned about the use and safety of Tasers, as well as the propensity of law enforcement officials to deploy them on people experiencing a mental health crisis. This paper identifies our position on use of Tasers and recommends first response alternatives police can use to engage with people experiencing a mental health crisis. (June, 2008)

Some police services in Ontario have received training and participate in mental health crisis intervention teams. These teams consist of police officers and mental health workers acting together to respond to individuals experiencing a mental health crisis. This partnering offers the expertise of both professions.

The term segregation is used to mean “to put apart from the rest,” “isolate,” or “physically separate from the rest.” Dangerous goods might need to be segregated when:

IATADG segregation chart

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Canada’s TDG Regulations do not include a compatibility table for dangerous goods (the Regulations do include a compatibility table for consignments that consist of explosives only).

Table 1: Sample segregation and separation chart for road transportation of dangerous goods (1,2,3)NOTE:  The following table is provided as informational only.  It is not an interpretation of the TDG Act or regulations. Always consult with TDG professionals and reliable chemical information sources when making your determination regarding compatibility.

Dangerous goodsSegregation Chartuk

Segregation does not necessarily refer to keeping dangerous good package A away from dangerous good package B, such as the opposite side of a truck trailer. An accident with A may cause a release of B, or a reaction from one might affect the other.

Dangerous goods loadingchartfor air FedEx

The Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police has prepared guidelines for police programs and services for people with mental illness and the mental health system, that include, but are not limited to, developing effective and compassionate crisis response.24

There are no comprehensive national or provincial records regarding how many police officers are carrying Tasers. Most police services are not publicly reporting incidents involving Taser use and outcomes.

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Conducted energy weapons (CEWs), commonly referred to as Tasers, were introduced to Canadian law enforcement agencies starting in 2001. Tasers are hand-held weapons that send a jolt of electricity intended to stun and temporarily incapacitate an individual’s motor nervous system. The charge is delivered through a pair of wires, weighted with barbed hooks, that can be fired from up to 10.6 metres away and will penetrate clothing up to five centimetres thick.1

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5.4 A person must load and secure dangerous goods in a means of containment and must load and secure the means of containment on a means of transport in such a way as to prevent, under normal conditions of transport, damage to the means of containment or to the means of transport that could lead to a release of the dangerous goods.

The symptoms associated with excited delirium, while not a true mental health condition included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), appear to be similar to some of the behavioural symptoms exhibited by individuals experiencing a mental health crisis.

This course is updated to meet Transport Canada's educational requirements under the TDG Act and Regulations, for all persons who handle, offer for transport, or transport dangerous goods by road. This course includes the SOR/2020-23 TDG regulatory amendment.

When transporting dangerous goods, there is always a risk of spills. If incompatible substances mix because the packages get damaged in an incident, a chemical reaction may produce enough heat to cause fire or explosion or possibly release dangerous gases. For example, chlorine gas is released when a spill of sodium hypochlorite solution comes into contact with a sulphuric acid spill. Chlorine gas is classified with the following TDG class and subsidiary classes in Schedule I of the TDG Regulations: 2.3 (5.1) (8). Thus, chlorine gas is dangerous because it is toxic, can oxidize other materials, and is corrosive.

Only dangerous goods that are unstable decompose violently or could react dangerously will need to be segregated. Generally, dangerous goods that are unstable are not allowed to be transported in a mixed load or in the same package.

In reviewing the available literature, the Commission for Public Complaints Against the RCMP examining RCMP use of Tasers determined:

Although Canada has not issued a compatibility or segregation chart, a number of different international jurisdictions have compiled such charts in their dangerous goods or hazardous material transport regulations. Caution must be used when following these charts as they are based on the dangerous good’s TDG class. Accurate compatibility charts are those that are based on the chemical properties of the dangerous goods.

Segregation applies to the means of containment (MOC), package, an overpack,  and the means of transport (MOT). The general guidance for dangerous goods that are allowed to be shipped (i.e., they are not forbidden) includes the following:

The Taser is one of several use-of-force weapons that police officers may use to subdue or restrain an individual, to reduce the risk of injury or death to both the individual and the responding officer. The Taser is often represented as an alternative to the use of lethal force by police.

Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario is concerned about the use and safety of Tasers, as well as the propensity of law enforcement officials to deploy Tasers on people experiencing a mental health crisis or demonstrating signs of emotional distress.

Ideally compatibility charts for loading plans are created by using multiple sources, such as the reactivity section in the dangerous good’s Safety Data Sheet (SDS), chemical reference books on reactivity, and consultation with the supplier or shipper. For example, both hydrochloric acid (UN1789) and sodium hydroxide (UN1823 for solids and UN1824 for solutions) are dangerous goods with an assigned TDG  Class 8 in Schedule 1 of the TDG Regulations. Although hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are assigned to the same TDG  class, they are NOT compatible. If these two dangerous goods come into contact with one another, there will be a generation of considerable heat, which could result in the creation or sputtering of corrosive vapours and mists.

In January 2007, the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service announced that it would arm police patrolling Vancouver’s TransLink public transit system with Tasers.10 After reviewing ten cases of Taser deployment on the transit system, accessed under freedom of information legislation, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association identified four cases where there appeared to be no significant threat to individual or public safety. One case involved the use of a Taser when the suspect attempted to flee for fare evasion.11 This practice is concerning and may set a precedent in other provinces.

All police officers in Ontario must have basic training in use of force. The Ontario Use of Force Model (2004) directs that officers shall continuously assess each encounter and select the most reasonable option for action, relative to the circumstance.8 The use of force continuum provides guidelines to incremental increases in use of force. The five stages of the continuum are: officer presence, verbal communication, physical control, intermediate weapons (using non-lethal chemical, electronic or impact weapons on an individual) and lethal force (using any force likely to cause permanent injury or death).

Imdgsegregation chart

Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy, currency and completeness of the information, CCOHS does not guarantee, warrant, represent or undertake that the information provided is correct, accurate or current. CCOHS is not liable for any loss, claim, or demand arising directly or indirectly from any use or reliance upon the information.

Amnesty International indicates that international standards and codes of conduct for law enforcement officials prescribe that the deployment of non-lethal weapons require standard evaluation and control of use protocols.13

IATADG segregation chart2024

Except for specific requirements about the loading of explosives, the TDG Regulations do NOT directly address the transportation of incompatible dangerous goods. However, Section 5.4 in Part 5 of the TDG Regulation states:

Complaints have been issued against the RCMP and other police services claiming deployment of Tasers to subdue or gain compliance. The Commissioner for Public Complaints Against the RCMP has identified that Tasers are being used to subdue resistant subjects who do not pose a threat, and has referred to this expanded and less restrictive use as “usage creep.”9

(2) Do NOT transport dangerous goods together with food, feeds or other edible materials on the same means of transport (e.g., vehicle).

Note: The compatibility letter for the dangerous good "UN0029 DETONATORS, NON-ELECTRIC for blasting" is next to the TDG Class (see Column 3  in Schedule 1). The letter "B" next to "1.1" is the compatibility letter.