CMOSsensor

Understanding camera sensor size and why it actually matters is one of the most important aspects of learning photography.

The electronic viewfinder can also be a hurdle for many. This digital preview might take some getting used to if you’re accustomed to optical viewfinders. The compact size also often means smaller batteries, requiring more frequent charging.

They can shoot still photos like other types, often with a burst mode for capturing fast-paced action. But what sets them apart is their video capability.

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The 2-year-old child, seeing the same thing, has a hard time describing the scene accurately, having a limited vocabulary.

Many photographers appreciate bridge cameras for their versatility. They offer a wide zoom range, making them suitable for various subjects, from landscapes to wildlife photography. The manual controls give you more creative freedom compared to basic point-and-shoot models.

They both see and collect the same real world information, but one can describe it in vivid detail, while the other cannot.

When photons collide or interact with certain materials, such as silicon CMOS image sensors, free electrons are released from the sensor material, producing a small electric charge. This is known as the Photoelectric effect.

As the name of the cameras suggests, they do not use a mirror mechanism. Instead, they use electronic viewfinders or the rear screen to show the image. This design makes them smaller and lighter without compromising image quality or features.

Instant cameras are favored for their simple operation and the immediate tangible prints they produce. People love how they can capture memories with a unique, nostalgic feel. They’re fun to use at parties or informal gatherings for instant sharing. You may carry and use them around without noticing due to their relatively small size.

They use special film cartridges from companies like Polaroid and Instax. Unlike traditional film cameras, which require a lab, instant cameras handle everything internally with automatic settings.

Also, they are generally more affordable than buying a DSLR or mirrorless camera with multiple extra lenses. The image quality of bridge cameras also tends to be better than that of compact cameras, thanks to their slightly larger and more advanced sensors.

Camera sensor size is the most important factor in determining overall camera performance & image quality, given the optimal focus, f-stop, ISO, and shutter speed settings have already been obtained.

There are also models that use a single lens on a rotating part that spins around. This lens takes multiple shots and combines them later, meaning you can take amazing panoramic photos in just one shot.

Think of a sensor like the sail on a boat. The larger the sail, the greater the surface area, the more wind it will catch.

For the following example, assume the latest pro model full frame camera from Nikon or Sony. The exact model does not matter.

In the graphic below, the pixel wells on the left have lower signal to noise ratios where the pixel wells moving towards the right have higher signal to noise ratios.

The precision and accuracy which this information is communicated and displayed in the final image is determined by the bit depth.

GoPro is a well-known brand in the action camera market, but you can also find other popular choices from DJI, Xiaomi, and others. They work like other digital camera types but are built to handle the rough stuff and tight spaces.

Camera sensorstructure

Larger physical sensor sizes combined with larger megapixel counts provide increased camera performance, with less noise, especially in low-light shooting situations.

These color photographs are produced using the three primary colors, red, green, and blue determined by the Bayer filter.

Modern cameras might seem like simple devices that are all similar on the outside. But inside those metal and plastic shells lies a world of complex engineering. Each type of camera operates differently and offers unique advantages for specific photography styles.

The tonal values produced by each signal are combined with collected color information to produce each pixel’s final color within the photo.

The pixel specific tonal value is determined from the number of electrons ( charge ) collected and the color is determined using the Bayer Filter.

Sony currently produces some of the highest dynamic range sensors on the market for full frame cameras. These camera sensors are rated at approximately 14.8 stops. Many Nikon cameras use Sony sensors due to this fact.

Red light passes through the red filtered pixels, while green and blue light do not. Blue light passes through the blue filtered pixels, while red and green light do not. You get the gist…

The aperture diameter & shutter speed control how much light is captured by each pixel, thus increasing or decreasing the signal strength.

The graphic below shows an 8-bit system with 256 or ( 2^8 ) different bins. Due to the vast number of possible tonal choices the transition from one to the next isn’t discernible to the human eye. A JPEG image is 8-bit.

Take a look at different objects around you. If you look closely, under a large amount of magnification, everything becomes a single color on a very small scale.

While generally more affordable than DSLRs or mirrorless cameras, they do have limitations. For starters, these automated features come at the cost of manual settings and control.

Take the time to consider your needs, photography skills, and what you want to achieve. Explore different options, try them out if possible, and don’t be afraid to go against the grain.

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Bridge cameras usually have a fixed lens with an impressive zoom range. They also provide manual controls, allowing photographers to experiment with aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. You can compose your shots using an electronic viewfinder or the rear LCD screen.

The crop factor is a dimensionless reference number, associated with image sensors.  It compares the diagonal distance across each specific camera sensor to the diagonal distance across the full frame camera sensor.

Still, smartphone cameras offer less control over settings compared to other types. Image quality, especially in low light, might not be as good as DSLRs or mirrorless cameras. Most of them don’t even have the powerful zoom capacities of some compact cameras.

These compact cameras combine capturing and developing photos into a single, fascinating process. Point, shoot, and moments later, a physical print emerges.

Camera sensor

Also known as film cameras, they might seem like relics of the past, but they are far from extinct. In fact, film photography is experiencing a resurgence, with companies like Fujifilm leading the charge.

Images that contain larger proportions of lighter tonal values will have higher Signal to Noise Ratios revealing less visible noise.

We have surpassed the 2-year-old child that can barely speak, we have surpassed the adult with a vivid and detailed vocabulary, we have arrived at a degree of precision that only machines can record and communicate.

When a pixel well fills to the top with electrons, creating the maximum signal, it’s corresponding tonal value is white, producing a white pixel in the photo.

As the bit depth of the system increases the degree of precision which information is communicated from the real world into the digital world also increases.

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The human eye, the second most (known) complex object on the planet, after the brain, has no problem discerning approximately 12 million different colors.

I am a landscape & outdoor photographer. I don’t shoot weddings, for clients or do product work. Therefore I can’t recommend cameras that I haven’t personally tested.

Jeff Picoult is a seasoned photographer, who blends artistry and innovation. With a humble approach, he captures moments resonating with depth and emotion, from nature's beauty to the energy of sports.

It only means that each generation of camera will get slightly better in the areas noted above, as software, hardware, and engineering improves.

The camera sensor, also known as an image sensor, is an electronic device that collects light information, consisting of color & intensity after it passes through the lens opening, known as the aperture.

These cameras can handle fast-paced action with impressive features like slow motion and time-lapse. Most of them come equipped with wide-angle lenses to allow us to get a lot into the frame, which is ideal for action shots and scenic landscapes.

One big limitation of this affordable option is the lack of interchangeable lenses. This means you can’t swap lenses to get a different focal length or improve image quality beyond what the built-in lens offers.

In photography, the number of bits determines the possibilities of color or tone a single pixel can display, known as bit depth.

The red channel can display 255 different variations of red, the green can display 255 variations of green and the blue, 255 variations of blue.

Shooting with film requires a different mindset and approach to photography. Since you can’t check the photos you have just taken instantly, you have to focus on shooting well and knowing exactly how your camera works. It can be a fantastic option to encourage mindfulness, which is rarely seen in today’s fast-paced photography culture.

Also, they tend to have slower autofocus and continuous shooting speeds than advanced cameras. Due to the decline in popularity, fewer new bridge camera models are entering the market as well.

Along with the number of pixels, sensors are also rated in terms of physical sensor size or surface area.  The sensor surface area also determines the size of each pixel.

Each photographer has different sensor size requirements to produce the images they desire. I’m not going to tell you what camera to buy, but will provide some of my personal favorites.

For example, the diagonal distance or hypotenuse of the 36mm by 24mm full frame can be found as follows: =SQRT((24^2)+(36^2)). The outcome is approximately 43.3mm.

As the ISO becomes larger less overall light (signal) is required to produce the same tonal value. As the ISO increases the noise levels are amplified creating more overall noise in the image.

Mirrorless cameras are the new kid on the block. These cameras first appeared in the early 2000s. But it wasn’t until the 2010s that they really started to take shape and gain traction among photographers. They have become increasingly popular in recent years, and many people seeking a lighter alternative to DSLRs are turning to them.

The example below shows the tonal values of black to white communicated with varying degrees of precision, by different bit depth systems.

After all these years, DSLRs (Digital Single-Lens Reflex) still reign supreme in photography. They’re a favorite among professional photographers, and most amateurs dream of owning one when they start.

There are two popular types of image sensors, CMOS sensors (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) & CCD sensors (charge-coupled device).

However, they are bulky and can be expensive, especially full-frame DSLRs. While the extensive manual controls offer great creative freedom, there’s a steeper learning curve compared to simpler cameras.

That’s almost 17 million different possible choices for every single pixel. There are millions of pixels on each sensor! This is a small JPEG file that the worst modern digital cameras can capture.

In terms of color & tone, machines have bypassed the precision that the human eye, engineered by trial and error, through millions of years of evolution, can discern.

These cameras are quite unique because they capture everything around them. They use multiple ultra-wide lenses, often two back-to-back, each grabbing a 180-degree view. The camera then merges all of them together to create a spherical image (hence the camera name).

Bridge cameras occupy a unique position in the photography world. They aim to combine the convenience of point-and-shoot models with the advanced features of DSLRs or mirrorless cameras in one package. They earned the name because they bridge the gap between these two designs, offering a middle ground for photographers.

By gaining an understanding of how camera sensors actually work, and experimenting on your own, is the best way to figure out which camera and sensor size best fits your needs.

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Digital photography is the process of recording real world color and tones, from a scene or composition, using individual pixels.

Smartphone cameras and social media have changed how we think about photography. They’re built right into our phones with user-friendly interfaces, making them easy to use whenever you need them. They’re accessible to photographers of all levels, as people don’t need to learn much about the technical details to take great photos.

A pixel can only display a single color, including black, white, greyscale, and RGB Color values. The color of each pixel is determined by the amount & kind of light information it collects.

I think Sony makes great low-end models with great sensors. Their high end models have fantastic sensors but are plastic and cheaply made. I prefer Nikon at the high end, with metal bodies, and the same Sony sensors. This is my personal preference.

There’s also a certain aesthetic quality associated with analog photos that many find appealing. This unique film look often features soft focus, rich grain, and a sense of timeless authenticity that is hard to replicate digitally. In fact, even many people in professional photography deliberately edit digital photos to emulate them.

Smaller pixel pitch (width),  combined with larger sensor size, and the latest software & hardware, will produce the best image quality.

None of the information the pixel collected prior to filling can be recovered or used in the final image. It’s gone forever!

ISO determines the amplification the light information receives as it’s conveyed into the digital world, where it’s stored on a memory card as a picture file.

The 3 & 4 bit systems provide a larger selection of choices used to communicate varying tonal values within the tonal range.

That being said, I’m happy to recommend a few different camera models for landscape & nature photographers. These may not be specific to you, but they can help in cutting down decision fatigue. They may also work for other niches of photography, but I can’t guarantee it:)

The “rainbow colored” rectangle on the graphic shows the sensor grid. Pixels are so small that it’s hard to see each individual unit.

Selecting the best overall camera settings (ISO, shutter speed, f-stop) and image quality attributes (dynamic range, noise, bit-depth, sensor size) is impossible without a basic understanding of how a camera sensor works.

They are often pricier than regular cameras, especially the high-end models. They can also be tricky to master, especially for photography beginners. To fully utilize the footage, you’ll likely need to pick up some new software and editing skills.

People use DSLRs for anything that needs superior image quality, like big events, portraits for magazines and brands, and sports photography. They offer great image output, especially in low light, and you can fine-tune your settings with robust manual controls.

As a sensor collects more light, producing a larger signal, less overall noise is seen in the final image. The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR or S/N) is used to describe the phenomena.

For example, Red ( 12 ), Blue ( 6 ), Green ( 15 ) would create unique color and Red ( 1 ), Blue ( 2 ), Green ( 4 ) would create another unique color.

Each electron produced during the Photon sensor collision carries a small electric charge. The more electrons a pixel collects, the more charge the pixel well contains. Electric charge is a physical measured value.

These cameras are perfect for creating immersive experiences, letting viewers explore a scene as if they were there. They’re also handy for virtual tours or showcasing properties, as you can capture an entire room in one go.

DSLRs generally offer interchangeable lenses, which gives photographers lots of flexibility for a wide range of shooting scenarios. You can mount a telephoto lens for wildlife, a macro lens for close-ups, or a wide-angle lens for landscapes.

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The classic point-and-shoot holds a special place in many family photo albums. Designed to be taken anywhere, these small and lightweight devices are incredibly portable.

For diagonal distance think of a straight line from the top right corner to bottom left corner. This is also known as the hypotenuse.

The example below shows the 4-bit color scale for RGB Primary colors red, green and blue. Bin 15 in each of the color channels is pure fully saturated color, also known as hue.

CMOS Sensors are defined by their physical size ( surface area for capturing light information ) and the number of light information collecting pixels which make up this surface area.

Sensorformat

Digital cameras can be broken up into 3 different categories for sensor sizes, largest to smallest respectively, Medium Format, Full Frame, and Crop.

Becoming a histogram expert is critical to understanding why camera sensor size matters, in turn producing the best image quality.

The number of electrons collected by each pixel well produces a corresponding tonal value for that pixel. This tonal value is displayed in the final photo, along with the color.

Electrons counts can’t determine specific color information, therefore, a color filter is placed over each pixel helping to determine it’s color. This is discussed in detail below.

To the human eye, the perceived brightness of green is greater than that of red or blue, thus green filtered pixels are represented twice as often in the Bayer Filter.

These cameras use mirrors to direct light from the lens to an optical viewfinder to create a real-time shot preview. This is incredibly useful for framing and composition. When you want to take a picture, press the shutter button, and the mirror will move so the sensor receives light and records the moment.

Because of the focus on the video feature, common action cameras have limited manual controls for still photos. The wide-angle lens can sometimes distort the image edges. The shorter battery life can be an issue as well, especially when recording in high resolution or using advanced features like slow motion.

The precision of the communication is rated on the scale of bit depth. Larger bit depth systems allow more precision in describing the information collected by each pixel.

Each pixel can only collect the primary color information of it’s assigned red, green or blue filter, along with the number of electrons collected in the pixel well, which determine tonal value.

There is a much smaller difference between the APS-H vs APS-C. These cameras will produce close to the same image quality, with slight variations.

When the incorrect camera settings are selected, the squares on the pixel grid don’t match the squares image grid, producing a digital image that doesn’t match the scene being photographed.

This charge is used to transfer the light information, collected by each pixel, into digital information which cameras & computers can understand.

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The image quality might not be as good as higher-end cameras, particularly in low-light conditions. In short, they’re more of a choice for family gatherings and travel photography than professional work.

A big downside is that the cost per print can be higher than digital photos. They usually offer fewer options for precise control over settings like focus and exposure. The images don’t get as clear and high resolution as professional photos as well.

Light is made of photons or small packets for carrying light information. Photons are elementary particles which have no weight but carry information about light.

Designed for challenging situations, action cameras are designed to be tough and go anywhere. These cameras are compact and lightweight. Most even come with a waterproof design, so you can easily carry them around or mount them on various surfaces.

For example, a camera with high dynamic range capability could shoot directly into the bright sunlight & still collect information from dark shadow regions, without producing much noise. This is shown in the video above.

The number of electrons each pixel well collects determines it’s brightness, also known as value, on a scale of black to white. The scale of black to white is known as the tonal range or tonal scale.

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Pretend the following graphics are the real world scenes that you’re seeing through the camera viewfinder or on the back of your camera live view screen.

When the correct camera settings, shutter speed, ISO and f-stop, are selected, each pixel on the sensor grid will collect & record the exact color of the corresponding square on the image grid.

The photographer’s goal is to select the correct camera settings relaying this information with precision & accuracy, producing a digital image that matches what they see through the viewfinder.

Let’s explore the diverse world of cameras. We’ll have a look at what makes each camera category special and help you find the one that matches your vision and style.

Most of them operate similarly to DSLRs. They capture light through a lens and onto a film roll instead of a digital sensor. The film itself dictates the ISO, determining the sensitivity to light.

Since color information can’t be determined directly by the number of electrons in each pixel well, a color filter is placed over each pixel.

The combination of the following, provide a reasonable estimate of a camera’s image quality. They are discussed in further detail below.

Like DSLRs, mirrorless cameras offer both crop and full-frame sensors. The compact and lightweight bodies make them perfect for all-day shooting. They often have faster shooting speeds and autofocus, especially newer models.

Notice the massive difference in light collecting surface area between the APS-C vs full frame camera sensors. These cameras will produce much different overall image quality, with the larger far exceeding the smaller.

Larger sensor widths yield larger sensor surface areas providing more area for the capture of light information over a standard interval, known as exposure time.

The film contains multiple layers, including a light-sensitive emulsion and color filters. When you snap a photo, light hits the photographic film. Rollers inside the camera spread chemicals across it and develop the picture almost instantly.

The lens formula is 1v−1u=1f 1 v − 1 u = 1 f and the magnification is, M=vu.

Their fixed lenses and automated settings make them incredibly user-friendly. These compact cameras automatically handle functions like shutter speed, aperture, and focus. Many point-and-shoots even offer image stabilization to combat shaky hands.

Most, but not all, CMOS sensors use a Bayer Filter which looks like a quilt of Red, Green, and Blue screens, with a single color screen covering each pixel as shown in the graphic.

NOTE: Not all cameras process color the same way. The following example allows you to conceptualize this concept. It’s not meant to be technically accurate for a specific camera.

As shown in the graphic below, a 1-bit system can only communicate black and white. A 2-bit system can communicate black, white and two tones of gray.

Bit depth specifies the number of unique color & tonal choices that are available to create an image. These color choices are denoted using a combination of zeros and ones, known as bits, which form binary code.

TECHNICAL NOTE: Although each of the color channels have the same amount of steps, the variation of green can still be seen all the way down to 1, where it’s hard to tell any difference in red at 1, and blue drops off at 2.

When a pixel well contains no electrons it produces no signal.  The corresponding tonal value is a black, producing a black pixel in the photo.

Each tonal value, on the scale of black to white, has a corresponding signal required to produce it. Specific signal levels produce specific tonal values. The more electrons a pixel collects the stronger the signal it creates.

When making the following comparisons of image sensors, assume that each sensor compared is from the same fabrication year.

This is a scientific fact, there is no dispute. Sony makes better sensors than Canon for landscape and outdoor photography.

CMOS camera sensors and pixels inherently produce a small amount of noise. This is similar to radio static heard at low volumes in headphones. Even the best cameras with the optimal settings create small amounts of noise.

Imagine an image composition, seen through a camera viewfinder, with an imaginary overlaid grid, containing millions of tiny uniformly sized squares, as seen in the graphic below.

Choosing one among several kinds of cameras is often a personal affair. What works for one photographer might not work for another.

The goal is to fill each pixel well to it’s corresponding tonal value maximum without clipping or losing data off the top end, thus increasing the Signal to Noise Ratio and image quality.

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Dynamic Range is defined as the difference or range between the strongest undistorted signal (brightest tonal value) & the weakest undistorted signal (darkest tonal value) captured by an image sensor, in a single photo.

The digital language takes the form of zeros and ones ( bits ) & communicates the values of color ( Red, Green, Blue ) & tone collected by each pixel.

Humans perceive green as the brightest, red as the second brightest, and blue as the darkest, out of the three primary colors. This perception of color brightness, known as lightness or luminosity, is only a function of the eye’s physiology. Remember the Bayer Filter!

Total Color Choices Per Pixel = 16*16*16 or 16^3 which equals 4096 total choices. 16 represents the number of color choices per channel. There are 3 primary color channels.

JPEG files are usually 8-bit whereas RAW files are usually 12 to 16 bit. Some cameras have the ability to change their current bit rating through user defined settings.

Each pixel is covered with a color filter, either red, green or blue. The color of each pixel is determined by the color of light (frequency of light wave) which passes through this filter.

Noise is dependent of camera make and model as well as settings. Different types of noise makeup the overall noise profile for a given image.

Digital photography is the process of recording real world color information represented by the image grid, and relaying it into the digital world represented by the pixel grid.

Each individual square pixel represents a small sample of the image composition as a whole, consisting of a single color. No more.

The bit depth determines how many steps or possible choices within the tonal range can be communicated. Each step or possible choice is known as a bin. The more bins the more choices.

Consider this like a child that only speaks two words, yes & no, black & white. You wouldn’t depend on this child to communicate a landscape scene with a large degree of accuracy or precision.

The image sensor uses the photoelectric effect to convert the light incident on the photosensitive area into an electrical signal which is proportional to the ...

However, the lens and accessory selection is still smaller than that for DSLRs. Initial costs can be huge, especially for high-end models.

The best way to improve quickly is by learning firsthand from someone that’s optimized their skills, over a decade or more through trial and error.

Understanding CMOS imagesensor

The ISO determines the amplification of the signal & inherent noise. The ISO also determines how much light is required for optimal exposure.

Due to this fact, slightly overexposing images, known as Expose to the Right or ETTR , provides higher Signal to Noise Ratios and overall better image quality, provided that the brightest pixels are not “clipped” or “blown out”.

Using this information, and a series of algorithms & interpolations, the camera can determine the color of each pixel contained on the sensor grid.

Therefore the number of possible choices, for each pixel, in a small 8-bit file is 256^3 power, or 256*256*256 which equals 16,777,216.

After the exposure time, defined by shutter speed, has elapsed, the signal information produced by each pixel is processed & converted into a digital language known as binary code.

Smartphone manufacturers are constantly improving them with better image sensors, lenses, and software. Top-of-the-line models have features like optical zoom, night mode, 4K video, and computational photography. This means that the latest models can often produce images that rival those taken with traditional cameras.

Due to the higher performance, especially in low light, and lower cost the CMOS Sensor is found in nearly all modern digital cameras.

Unlike megapixel counts, having a larger dynamic range is always a positive camera attribute. Dynamic range is provided in stops, which is a measure of light.  For each stop increase the amount of light information collected doubles.

Physical sensor sizes are provided in terms of width and height, usually in millimeters. A standard sensor size such as 36mm × 24 mm is known as a full frame 35mm format camera.

No matter the camera, higher ISO values will always produce more overall noise and less overall dynamic range in the final RAW file.

In some shooting scenarios such as star, Milky Way & night sky photography, the light levels are so low that the image noise will be very high. Even the best camera sensor for low light, such as models made by Sony, still produce some noise.

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The free electrons are collected and counted by individual pixels on the sensor grid.  Each pixel well has a maximum capacity of electrons it can collect. This maximum is known as full well capacity.

Smaller camera sensors such as a standard 22.3mm width, APS-C Sensor ( see graphic above ), would have a crop factor of approximately 1.6.

Images that contain larger proportions of dark tonal values will inherently have lower Signal to Noise Ratios revealing more visible noise. This is one reason low light and night sky images contain so much noise.

An adult and a 2-year-old child looking at the same landscape see close to the same thing, consisting of color and tonal values (light intensity).

In turn, a digital image is produced, from millions of pixels, which matches the real world composition seen through the viewfinder.

For example, although a crop sensor usually provides less quality & detail than a full frame sensor, a crop sensor from 2017 would most likely provide more quality and detail than a full frame sensor from the year 2000.

Canon continues to produce their own sensors which significantly lack in dynamic range, comparatively, rated at approximately 11.8 stops for their top model cameras. They also produce a much larger amount of noise at high ISO values.

NOTE: This image was captured before twilight, in the pouring rain, on the Li River in China. This shooting scenario is the ultimate test for a camera sensor.

The 14-bit file contains 2^14th power of possible variations for each of the 3 color channels. That’s 16,384 possible choices per color channel.

Mega is the mathematical term denoting 10^6 also stated as “10 to the 6th power” which can be written as 1,000,000 or 1 million.

One of the primary advantages lies in its impressive image resolution. Film negatives can resolve astonishing detail, especially in medium or large format.

For example, the number of possible choices for a 3-bit system is found by using the binary base 2 and raising it to the power of 3,  2^3 = 8.