[note 4] Heyi Yang et al., “Proteomic Analysis of Menstrual Blood,” Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 11 no. 10 (October 2012): 1024-1035; Heyi Yang et al., “Body Fluid Identification by Mass Spectrometry,” International Journal of Legal Medicine 127 no. 6 (November 2013): 1065-1077; and Kevin M. Legg et al., “Discovery of Highly Specific Protein Markers for the Identification of Biological Stains,” Electrophoresis 35 no. 21-22 (November 2014): 3069-3078.

body fluids中文

[note 3] Jennifer Fore et al., “Recent Progress in the Development of a Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Platform for Rapid Identification of Trace Amounts of Human Body Fluids,” proceedings of the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, B184, 2016; and Kathryn Anne Zegarelli et al., “Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the Forensic Analysis of Vaginal Fluid,” proceedings of the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, E39, 2016.

intracellular fluid中文

Scientific methods used to identify body fluids, as currently performed or as they may be in the future, are important factors that can influence the crime scene investigation, inform the forensic laboratory processing, and affect court outcomes. Regardless of the perceived adequacy of existing methods, it is critical to continue to advance the field, building on new scientific findings and technologies that continue to evolve rapidly. As the field moves forward, it is critical to also continue to generate publicly available scientific knowledge that rigorously tests new methods, validates that the methods can do what they purport, and ultimately supports the foundation for the new tools and technologies that are adopted into practice.

[note 1] Ewelina Mistek and Igor K. Lednev, “Identification of Species’ Blood by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407 no. 24 (September 2015): 7435-7442.

Interstitial fluid

Technology companies continue to develop new kits and tools to make body fluid identification more discriminatory, faster, and less labor intensive. More recent commercial advances boast the ability for multiplex testing to identify multiple body fluids simultaneously in a relatively short amount of time.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Fluid

This article was published as part of NIJ Journal issue number 279, published April 2018, as a sidebar to the article Sexual Assault Cases: Exploring the Importance of Non-DNA Forensic Evidence by Heather Waltke, Gerald LaPorte, Danielle Weiss, Dawn Schwarting, Minh Nguyen, and Frances Scott.

Human body

Meanwhile, NIJ continues to fund innovative research to address the need for new tools to better identify body fluids while minimizing the consumption of evidence. With NIJ funding, spectroscopic methods used in other analytical chemistry applications are being applied to forensic science to develop new methods. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has the potential for nondestructive blood stain analysis in laboratory and crime scene settings.[1] Raman spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics has been shown to be able to discriminate between peripheral blood, menstrual blood, saliva, semen, sweat, and vaginal fluid, without consuming any sample.[2] Advances are also being made in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the identification of dried blood, semen, vaginal fluid, saliva, and urine.[3] NIJ funds are also being used to develop multiplex methods to identify multiple body fluids (e.g., human saliva, urine, seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, peripheral blood, and menstrual blood) using mass spectrometry.[4] As forensic laboratory interest in massively parallel sequencing technologies increases, NIJ’s investments into research projects that support sequence analysis-based methods to identify body fluids are becoming more relevant to potential practice.

Sidebar to the article Sexual Assault Cases: Exploring the Importance of Non-DNA Forensic Evidence by Heather Waltke, Gerald LaPorte, Danielle Weiss, Dawn Schwarting, Minh Nguyen, and Frances Scott.

[note 2] Claire K. Muro, Kyle C. Doty, Luciana de Souza Fernandes, and Igor K. Lednev, “Forensic Body Fluid Identification and Differentiation by Raman Spectroscopy,” Forensic Chemistry 1 (August 2016): 31-38; Kyle C. Doty, Claire K. Muro, Justin Bueno, Lenka Halamkova, and Igor K. Lednev, “What can Raman spectroscopy do for criminalistics?” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 47 no. 1 (January 2016): 39-50; and Gregory McLaughlin, Igor K. Lednev, “In Situ Identification of Semen Stains on Common Substrates via Raman Spectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 60 no. 3 (May 2015): 595-604.

Methods used to examine sexual assault evidence — such as the use of an alternate light source (e.g., ultraviolet light) to visually detect semen stains, histological microscopic examination to observe spermatozoa, chemical methods based on the detection of seminal fluid acid phosphatase, and immunological methods based on the detection of p30 (or prostate-specific antigen) — have been described in scientific literature for more than three decades. Other common body fluids for which presumptive identification methods are routinely employed include blood and saliva. Such methods are typically based on the detection of hemoglobin (blood) through a phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer) test and the detection of saliva through an α-amylase test. Regardless of whether serological tests are performed as a screening step prior to DNA testing or to provide additional substantive case information after DNA testing, they are instrumental tools for forensic investigators.

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.