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Researchers should also note that the FBI accepts data from law enforcement agencies through March of the following year. That is, the FBI accepted NIBRS data for 2023 through March 2024. Some crimes committed in December 2023, for example, may be solved or result in an arrest in April 2024. Such a case would not get marked as "cleared" in the NIBRS data since the clearance came after the NIBRS 2023 submission end date. Crimes in January 2023 may seem to be solved at a higher rate than crimes in December 2023 because of the March 2024 censoring. This is a feature of the data that simply requires care in the analysis phase.

The transition from the UCR Summary Reporting System to the National Incident-Based Reporting System marks a significant evolution in crime data collection and analysis in the United States. While NIBRS promises more detailed and comprehensive data, statisticians need to be aware of the implementation challenges during this transition period. As more law enforcement agencies adopt NIBRS, the potential for more accurate and insightful crime analysis grows, ultimately enabling us to conduct more compelling analyses of national crime data.

The FBI introduced the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in the 1980s. NIBRS aimed to address the shortcomings of the SRS by capturing incident-level data and a comprehensive description of what happened in each incident. Unlike the SRS, NIBRS collects data on each individual crime incident, capturing detailed information about the offenses, victims, offenders, and arrestees. NIBRS records data on 52 "Group A" offenses and 10 "Group B" offenses, covering a broader spectrum of criminal activity. It did away with the Hierarchy Rule and collects data on all offenses within a single incident, providing a fuller picture of criminal activity. Because NIBRS is incident-based, researchers have full access to the multivariate relationships between features of crime incidents.

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The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program was established in 1930 by the FBI to generate reliable crime statistics for law enforcement administration, operation, and management. It has been the primary source of crime data in the United States for decades.

While the UCR SRS has provided valuable crime data for many years, it has several notable limitations. The UCR SRS focused on a limited number of crimes, potentially overlooking important details and emerging trends. With SRS data researchers cannot separate out trends in shootings, identity theft, and cybercrimes. The SRS also operated under the "Hierarchy Rule," reporting only the most severe offense in a multi-offense incident. Lastly, the SRS only collected aggregate counts, meaning that detailed information about the context of the crimes, such as the characteristics of the victims and offenders, the relationships between them, and the circumstances of the crime, is lost.

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The National Archive of Criminal Justice data provides well-documented data for NIBRS. The raw NIBRS data are available from the FBI's Crime Data Explorer under Master File Downloads, select NIBRS from the drop down. The raw SRS data are also available from the FBI's Crime Data Explorer under Master File Downloads, select Return A. The SRS data for 2021 and earlier are also available from NACJD.

On January 1, 2021, the FBI officially retired the SRS marking a significant transition towards the exclusive use of the National Incident-Based Reporting System for crime data collection and reporting.

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Despite its advantages, NIBRS also faces challenges. It has taken many years for law enforcement agencies to transition their systems to ones that could facilitate NIBRS reporting. As of this writing, four of the nation's largest states, California, New York, Pennsylvania, and Florida, essentially do not participate in NIBRS. The largest law enforcement agencies in those states regularly post crime data to their local open data portals, but you will not find those data in NIBRS yet. The transition to NIBRS also makes the study of long-term national crime trends challenging. Any study that spans the SRS to NIBRS transition will have to grapple with inconsistencies and gaps in data as agencies adapt to the new system.

The UCR's Summary Reporting System (SRS) is the best known component of the UCR. About 18,000 law enforcement agencies, including municipal police departments, sheriff's departments, campus police, transit police, park police, and many other agencies, reported monthly counts of Part 1 crimes (murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson), often called "index crimes." The SRS also tracked monthly counts of Part II crimes, such as simple assault, fraud, vandalism, drug offenses, and driving under the influence. Even though reporting to the SRS was voluntary, almost all law enforcement agencies reported their data, offering fairly comprehensive coverage of crimes reported to the police in the United States.

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