The public can be assured that good training and clear policy prevents overuse or misuse of ECW technology for safer policing to officers and arrestees.

Water-cooled systems are already in use all over the world; think about power plants and other industries that use rivers, lakes, or seawater for cooling. They usually have a lower condensation temperature, which enhances the cooling performance. These systems require additional pumps and piping in the form of an influent line to bring cold natural water to the facility and an effluent line to return the water to the river or sea.

Function of acooling water

Why invest in a District Energy project? The energy savings potential alone is likely to be worth any additional capital expenditure incurred. DC systems are also 50% more efficient that decentralized air conditioning units. The other benefits, like lower daily operational costs, fewer resources, and the reduction of harmful chemicals like refrigerants, are an added value.

A District Cooling plant located a reasonable distance from a natural cold-water source, as cold or even colder than the water used in conventional cooling, can use this water as a cooling source. Taking advantage of the natural cooling of water can significantly reduce, even eliminate, the use of chillers and result in a corresponding power savings. A temperature profile is created for the source water to determine the ideal depth for the source water influent pipeline.

In most cases, the water may not be cold enough to provide the cooling energy, but seawater can still be used to offset energy costs. In these cases , seawater can be used to precool the system water in a heat exchanger or to directly pass through the chiller condensers.

The influent line must be located to collect and carry water of the optimum temperature, usually below 40 ºC, to the chiller plant to act as a heat-sync for the warmer return water from the District Cooling system.

Stun guns typically have two probes that may or may not be sharp to add additional defensive authority since these devices must be pressed onto the target and make full contact. The voltage may or may not immobilize the target and rely mostly on the pain and psychological shock of the stun gun to cause them to retreat. Stun guns have fixed probes and unlike the law enforcement ECWs, those probes do not spread. Probe distance is essential in ECWs in order to complete the electrical circuit for the voltage to have an effect. Lacking this, the stun gun cannot reliably cause immobilization.

what are the requirements forcoolingwater?

The National Police Association is a 501(C)3 non-profit organization, IRS NTEE classification code B01, Alliance/Advocacy Organizations, within the Educational Organizations category, EIN 82-0647764, founded to educate supporters of law enforcement in how to help police departments accomplish their goals. The National Police Association is supported solely through contributions of individuals and organizations. Donations are tax deductible.

Cooling Waterskincare

ECWs can fail if the probes do not penetrate heavy clothing, don’t achieve an adequate spread, or if one of the probes fails to make contact. A highly active arrestee can prevent the probes from making their target. An officer can manually attach a new cartridge or use the exposed conductors of the ECW for a contact shock, known as a drive stun, to either complete the circuit when one probe has engaged or as a pain compliance technique accompanied by verbal commands.

TASER devices used by law enforcement do their job when the operator pulls the trigger. This activates a nitrogen cartridge that propels two barbed probes attached to wires toward the target. The barbs remain attached to the ECW and spread slightly away from one another. When contact is made with the target, a 5-second cycle of 50,000 volts locks interferes with the nervous system in such a way that locks the muscles of the body into immobility. While the target experiences pain with the shock, the pain is not the primary reason for ECW use. The main purpose is to immobilize the person long enough to get them into restraints. The length of the wires trailing the barbed probes varies from fifteen to thirty feet. This allows the officer to maintain some distance from the target.

ECWs are very safe based on a multitude of studies. Although in custody deaths after ECW deployment have been recorded, complicating factors like drug use are the true cause. Many tests and studies have shown that there is little to no risk of the heart being stopped or harmed by ECW use. ECWs have proven to reduce death and injury to both officers and offenders compared to other restraint strategies. The ability to immobilize a person resisting arrest laying hands-on is a major factor in the safety of these devices.

When the headline talks about police using a “stun gun”, you know the reporter doesn’t know much about the subject. While there are stunning devices on the market for both private and law enforcement use, the differences between a stun gun and a TASER used by law enforcement are significant.

The system includes a influent pipeline to carry the cold source water from that depth to the plant, the pipeline along with any necessary pumps carries the raw source water to the district cooling plant or chilling station. When it reaches the plant or chilling station, the cold water passes through a heat exchanger where the system water rejects heat to the cold source water. The warmer water leaving the heat exchanger travels back to the source via an effluent pipeline.

District Cooling (DC) systems, an efficient system featuring a centralized cooling plant which serves a group of buildings, have grown increasingly popular as nations seek efficient ways to meet growing cooling demands.

Liquidcooling

Once attached, the probes can be activated for additional 5-second cycles up to department policy limits or it become obvious that the cycles are not causing compliance.

DC owes the rise in its popularity to its proven ability to be as much as 50% more efficient than traditional, decentralized air conditioning units. Encouraging the growth of large-scale District Energy systems has the potential to reduce the electric demands in areas where cooling needs contribute to greater than half of the power consumption. In regions near rivers or seas, using natural water sources for cooling can significantly enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

ECWs are not a substitute for deadly force. If confronted with a deadly weapon by an assailant, an officer should not rely on the ECW, but engage their firearms. If there is time and adequate backup with available deadly force, an officer may attempt to deploy an ECW knowing that if the device fails other officers can engage the armed assailant.

Law enforcement ECWs can also arc, but, on most models, only if the cartridge that contains the probes are removed or already discharged. The laser light on the ECW can be used as a warning to “paint” the target and often brings compliance from the mere thought of being “tased”.

The influent piping location is crucial, as an increase in distance increases project costs. In other words, just deep enough to get the water at the temperature needed year-round.

In other cases, the distance necessary to bring water to the facility may be cost-prohibitive, because of length and depth. Water located closer to shore, can be used to offset the costs of chilling water for DC by reducing the condensing temperature of the chiller. Using a seawater cooled condenser instead of an air-cooled condenser can save 25% or more of the energy used by the chiller. When using a seawater cooled condenser instead of an evaporative cooling tower, it may have additional benefits, such as reduced noise, water demand, and sewage fees typically associated with these towers. Discover the 6 main advantages of using seawater for District Cooling!

Locating the effluent pipeline a sufficient distance from the influent piping will avoid thermal plumes from the effluent affecting the temperature at the intake. Ideally, the temperature of the water in the effluent pipe and the source water in the area of the discharge should be similar (around +5 ºC) to avoid unwanted ecological and environmental effects.

Cooling watermachine

Cooling watersystem

Many people are under the perception that these systems require additional maintenance than the conventional water cooled/air-cooled counterparts; there are many different variables which determine maintenance needs. The truth is that the difference in maintenance requirements are usually negligible between an air-cooled and a water-cooled system. The treatment necessary with water-cooled systems can be another concern, as many believe it is potentially unsafe and environmentally harsh. The typical treatment of cooling water is the minimum required to keep the pipelines in good condition and return the water in a state similar to its original condition. There are also newer treatment technologies available which require no or minimal chemicals.

ARANER leads the way in designing and implementing District Cooling systems that utilize river or seawater. We work closely with each client to define optimal design conditions, including pipeline locations, water source proximity, and temperature, resulting in an efficient, sustainable cooling system.

Naturally, sea or river water cooled District Energy systems are an ideal solution for facilities located in proximity to a body of water suitable for cooling, whether it be the ocean, a river, or lake. However, in order to determine the proper design of your system, distance to the water source, water temperature, and other variables need to be defined and analyzed.

“Sea/River Water-cooled” systems have historically been perceived as using large quantities of water, which couldn’t be further from the truth . The source water never leaves the piping, never mixes with the system water, and is returned just a few degrees warmer.

The TASER device was patented in 1974 but didn’t become popular with law enforcement until the early 2000s. There are other manufacturers of similar products, but the TASER brand is so ubiquitous that it has practically become the generic label for all devices that use an electrical shock to control behavior. To include all makers the term electronic control weapon (ECWs) or conducted energy devices (ECDs). It is important to known that ECWs do not electrocute people, but uses voltage to cause muscles to seize up without serious after effects other than injuries that might be sustained from falling after immobilized.

Stun guns must back solid and sustained contact with the target to have an effect. This can be difficult if the user is engaged in a fight with an attacker. A sharp movement by the attacker can thwart its use. Like the TASER, some stun gun devices have a laser light sight to create the sniper effect of a red dot on an adversary that may cause them to flee. Stun guns can also be triggered to create an imposing mini-lightening bolt to arc across the probes that is very intimidating.