The nominal pressure is a standardised pressure stage for pipework and valves. It represents a parameter for the mechanical and dimensional characteristics of a component. Components with the same nominal diameter and same nominal pressure are compatible. The nominal pressure corresponds the maximum permissible positive pressure [bar] at a reference temperature of 20°C.

When installing pipework systems, the terms nominal diameter (DN) and nominal pressure (PN) are used to identify characteristics of pipework for the purpose of defining compatible parts, e.g. flange connections. Nominal diameter and nominal pressure are standardised according to the geometrical increment.

The following diagram shows the pressure-temperature curves for different nominal pressure stages. In this case also observe the information in the chapter Tools – Pressure-temperature assignment, which contains the tables for the diagram.

When sizing pipework, i.e. defining the nominal diameter and nominal pressure for pipework and valves, a balance must always be struck between the technical requirements, such as keeping the pressure loss or heat loss as low as possible, and the associated investment and operating costs. The optimum overall cost balance between investment and operating costs that emerges is different for every pipe and system. Owing to the curve characteristics in the minimum range of the total costs, two nominal diameters often lie within the optimum range.

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Railway signsmeanings

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The pressure-temperature assignment of flanges is based on the material groups. The following materials and groups are customary in the area of steam boilers:

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These informative notices are posted near high voltage equipment and machinery to discourage unauthorized entry to the area and help prevent electrocution ...

OldRailway signs

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It must be ensured through a sufficient number and correct construction of holders that pipework does not deform beyond acceptable limits due to weight forces (own weight, content, valves and insulation) and other forces acting on it (e.g. at deflections).

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Great Western Railway enamel sign GWR DANGER THIS BUILDING CONTAINS HIGHLY INFLAMMABLE STORES etc. Measures 14in x 10in and is in very good condition with minor chipping to the corners.

The following table states only the minimum requirement for material selection. Other materials can be also used where special installation conditions, customer requirements or national or local regulations apply.

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However, in addition to the material, the maximum permissible positive pressure of a component depends first and foremost on the temperature. At higher temperatures, the maximum permissible operating pressure falls below the nominal pressure. Pipework or valves can then not be operated at the nominal pressure.

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Railway signsfor sale

BR(M) FF enamel station sign NO SMOKING with British Railways totem at the top. In excellent condition with one minor chip repair. Measures 24in x 12in.

Southern Railway Double Royal enamel poster board heading SOUTHERN. In good condition with slight loss at the top and is the round lettered sunshine letter type. Measures 26in x 5in.

– With additions through interpolation – L1 limitation of deflection, up to DN 50 = 3mm deflection, from DN 65 = 5mm deflection – For details see EN13480-3

Materials containing copper must not be used for any pipework to and from the steam boiler, in the condensate and make-up water area.

Railwaywarningsigns

BR(M) FF enamel station sign NOTTINGHAM. In good condition with some face chipping, measures 44in x 12in. This style of the sign was used at Nottingham Victoria instead of totems and also at Nottingham Midland alongside totems.

British Railways Western Region enamel sign B.R.(W) DANGER THIS BUILDING CONTAINS HIGHLY INFLAMMABLE STORES etc. In very good condition with minor chips at three corners. Measures 14in x 10in.

Generally this category would refer to the plethora of Platform Enamel Signs that adorned our stations. Platform 1 in regional colours is an all time favourite as is Way Out, Ladies and Gentlemen. Rarities appear such as Wash & Brush Up and bespoke directions to other platforms and named destinations. However, enamel signs were not confined to stations. Some company Trespass notices were enamel such as LMS, Fire Bucket notices were similar as were some trackside signs. Running-in-Boards with station names adorned platform ends, usually large and often in 2 or more pieces fitted together in frames. Some companies and British Railway regions utilised enamel for their Signalbox Nameboards and even Destination Indicator Boards.

To optimise nominal diameters which have been designed according to a permissible recommended speed, it may be advisable in individual cases, e.g. if the pipework is very long, to recalculate and optimise the nominal pipe diameter using special design programs.

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LMS enamel TRESPASS sign fully titled LONDON MIDLAND & SCOTTISH RAILWAY COMPANY. Measures 22in x 18in and is in good condition with a few small areas of restoration.

Railway signsand symbols

This effect must be taken into account at many points in a boiler system, especially in locations where high temperatures can occur during operation.

Railwaystationsigns

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As many system-specific, technical and commercial individual parameters would need to be considered for a detailed analysis, pipework is normally designed for the permissible flow speed according to economically sound principles and technical necessities based on experience. Depending on the medium and use, the recommended values have proven to be practise-compliant in many systems.

A clearance of at least 50 – 100mm should be maintained in order to install the pipework and insulation and also carry out repairs. The frequently used technical standard for insulation work DIN 4140 recommends a minimum clearance of 100m.

The nominal diameters in the following table are specified without units. They correspond roughly to the inner diameter of the pipework in mm. This is for production reasons as the tools used in the manufacturing of pipes are defined via the external diameter and the clear inner diameter therefore varies depending on the wall thickness. The nominal diameter will normally suffice as calculation variable for rough sizing of the inner diameter.